MARTINDALE'S CALCULATORS ON-LINE CENTER CHEMISTRY CENTER CHEMISTRY: M-O (Calculators, Applets, Spreadsheets, and where Applicable includes: Courses, Manuals, Handbooks, Simulations, Animations, Videos, etc.)

US/Pacific: Sunday, May 19, 2013 Sydney, Australia: Monday, May 20, 2013 File Download Time Calculator Author, E-Mail, Privacy Policy & Disclaimer Currently the Calculators On-Line Center contains over "24,475" Calculators & Spreadsheets, over "4,200" Courses, Lectures, Manuals, Handbooks, & "1,000's" of Movies, Videos, Simulations & Animations

CHEMISTRY: M-O (Course, Lectures, Databases, Animations, Simulations, Calculators, Applets, Spreadsheets, 3D Modeling, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound, etc.) Materials Hardness ~ Medicinal Chemistry Microfluidics Microscopy, Autofluorescence, Fluorescence Microscopy, Stereomicroscopy, Photomicrography, Confocal Microscopy Transmission, Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy, Nanomicroscopy, etc. Mineral Chemistry ~ Molecular Anions Molecular Mass, Molar Mass, Exact Mass, Molarity, Elemental Composition, Isotope Ratios, etc. Molecular & Atomic Weight ~ Molecular Structure ~ NMR & MRI Nanotechnology ~ Nondestructive Testing ~ Nuclear Chemistry ~ Opacity Computations Organic Chemistry ~ Organometallic Chemistry Chemistry Center Calculators On-Line Center

Materials Hardness MATERIAL HARDNESS GUIDES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC. ROCKWELL HARDNESS OF METALLIC MATERIALS - Author: S.R. Low, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Multimedia Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials Guide - PDF, 118 Pages (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Click on "Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials". Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials "...The intention of this Guide is to explain the causes of variability in Rockwell hardness test results and to supplement the information given in test method standards with good practice recommendations. ..." Examples of "Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials" Guide Chapters & Subchapters include Chapter 2: Rockwell Hardness Test "...Significance of the test; Rockwell indentation test principle; Rockwell hardness scales; etc..." Chapter 3: Test Procedure; Chapter 4: Test Block Standards; Chapters 7: Reducing Measurement Differences and ErrorsReducing Measurement Differences and ErrorsReducing Measurement Differences and ErrorsReducing Measurement Differences and ErrorsReducing Measurement Differences and Errors; etc..." Chapter 8: Traceability, Error, and Uncertainty; etc. For more information see NIST Recommended Practice Guide: Rockwell Hardness Measurement of Metallic Materials or the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) MATERIAL HARDNESS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS BRINELL, KNOOP, MOHS, ROCKWELL, SHORE SCLEROSCOPE, TENSILE STRENGTH & VICKERS ROCKWELL HARDNESS CONVERSION CALCULATOR - Brown Metals Rockwell Hardness Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Material Type (Austenitic & Non-Austenitic); Hardness Scale (15T; 30T; 15N; 30N)..." For more information see Brown Metals HARDNESS TEST CALCULATORS - eFunda, Inc. VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Hardness Calculators include: "...Vickers Hardness Calculator; Various Brinell Hardness Calculator; Knoop Hardness Calculator; Mohs Hardness Calculator; Rockwell Hardness Calculators; etc..." For more information see Calculators or Engineering Fundamentals HARDNESS TESTING CALCULATORS - G. England, Independent Metallurgist and Consultant to the Thermal Spray Coating Industry, Surrey, England VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Thermal Spray Coatings Some examples of Hardness Testing Calculators include Rockwell Superficial Hardness Calculator Rockwell Superficial Hardness Test Method "...consists of indenting the test material with a diamond cone (N scale) or hardened steel ball indenter. The indenter is forced into the test material under a preliminary minor load..." Brinell Hardness Calculator Brinell Hardness Test Method "...consists of indenting the test material with a 10 mm diameter hardened steel or carbide ball subjected to a load of 3000 kg. For softer materials the load can be reduced to..." Microhardness Calculator Microhardness Test Method "...usually refers to static indentations made with loads not exceeding 1 kgf. The indenter is either the Vickers diamond pyramid or the Knoop elongated diamond pyramid. The procedure for testing is very similar to that of the standard Vickers hardness test, except..." Medicinal Chemistry MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY RELATED CENTERS FOR OVER 300 DRUG, DRUG DOSAGE, DRUG ADMINISTRATION, ETC. CALCULATORS & APPLETS SEE MEDICAL CALCULATORS: DRUG/PHARMACOLOGY CALCULATORS FOR CASES, COURSES, JOURNALS & DATABASES SEE THE PHARMACY, PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY CENTER FOR DRUG & MEDICINE DATABASES SEE THE PHARMACY, PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY CENTER: PRESCRIPTION, OTC, VITAMIN, HERBAL & MEDICINAL PLANTS Microfluidics MICROFLUIDICS COURSES, LECTURES, LESSONS, ETC. MICROFLUIDICS - Jens Ducrée, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Multimedia Microfluidics Course & Technical Publications (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Microfluidics" Course Subject Categories & Subcategories include Fluids "...Characteristics; Thermodynamics; Solutions; Electrical Properties; Optical Properties; etc..." Hydrodynamics "...Navier-Stokes Equation; Laminar & Turbulent Flow; Fluidic Networks; Interfacial Surface Tension; Electrokinetics; etc..." Fabrication Technologies; Flow Control; Pumping Techniques; Ink-Jet Technology; Microreactors; Analytical Chips; Particle-Laden Fluids; etc. DIGITAL MICROFLUIDICS (QUICKTIME) - R.B. Fair, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University Multimedia Digital Microfluidics Video Lessons (Text, Images & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Digital Microfluidics "...is an alternative paradigm for lab-on-a-chip systems based upon micromanipulation of discrete droplets. Microfluidic processing is performed on unit-sized packets of fluid which are transported, stored, mixed, reacted, or analyzed in a discrete manner using a..." For more information see Richard B. Fair's Home Page or the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering MICROFLUIDICS - Stanford Microfludics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering & the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University Multimedia Microfluidics Technical Publications (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Microfluidics" Technical Publications Subject Categories include "...On-chip isotachophoresis (ITP); General work on optimizing on-chip electrokinetic flows and electrophoresis; Fuell Cells; Nanochannel Electrokinetic Flows and Assays; Micromixing and Electrokinetic Instabilities; Particle Tracking and Flow Diagnostics; Micropumps and Cooling; etc..." For more information see the s Stanford Microfludics Laboratory

Microscopy

Microscopy, Fluorescence Microscopy, Stereomicroscopy, Photomicrography, Confocal Microscopy, etc. Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) ~ Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Nanomicroscopy Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) & Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Microscopy Tools Fixatives & Buffers ~ Tissue Dielectric Properties

Microscopy MICROSCOPY LECTURES, LESSONS, CALCULATORS, APPLETS, SIMULATIONS, ETC. MICROANALYSIS LECTURES, LESSONS, CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS, ETC. NYQUIST RATE AND PSF CALCULATOR - Scientific Volume Imaging B.V., The Netherlands VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of Nyquist Rate INPUT Values include "...Microscope type; Numerical aperture; Excitation wavelength; Emission wavelength; Number of excitation photons; etc..." Examples of PSF INPUT Values include "... Specimen medium refractive index; Acquisition depth; Backprojected pinhole radius; etc..." For more information see Scientific Volume Imaging BACKPROJECTED CONFOCAL PINHOLE CALCULATOR - Scientific Volume Imaging B.V., The Netherlands VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Backprojected confocal pinhole calculator "...A pinhole is a small hole used in Confocal Microscopes at the detection side of the lenses to get rid of out-of-focus light, thus allowing to record real 3D images..." "...Backprojected means as it appears imaged on the specimen plane: the physical pinhole size is divided by the total magnification of the detection system..." For more information see Scientific Volume Imaging DUAL COLOR N&B CALCUALTORS - Stowers Microscopy Center, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Dual Color N&B Calculators "...Dual color FCS measurements contain a wealth of information about molecular interactions and stoichiometry..." Examples of Dual Color N&B Calculators include "...Brightnesses of Independent Species are Known (G(0) Version); Brightnesses of Independent Species are Known (N&B Version); Stoichiometry of Complex is Known (G(0) Version); etc..." For more information see Stowers Microscopy Center; Stowers Research Website Directory or Stowers Institute for Medical Research MICROSCOPYU (FLASH & JAVA APPLETS) - Nikon MicroscopyU, Nikon Multimedia Microscopy Courses & Lessons (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations, Calculators & Applets). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. MicrosopyU is "...designed to provide an educational forum for all aspects of optical microscopy, digital imaging, and photomicrography..." Examples of "Microscopy" Categories & Subcategories include Basic Concepts and Formulas in Microscopy "...Conjugate Planes in Optical Microscopy; Depth of Field and Depth of Focus; Refractive Index; Numerical Aperture; Working Distance and Parfocal Length; etc..." Microscope Optical Systems "...Infinity Optical Systems; Properties of Microscope Objectives; etc..." Principles of Phase Contrast Microscopy "...Specimen Contrast in Optical Microscopy; Optical Pathways in the Phase Contrast Microscope; Interaction of Light Waves with Phase Specimens; etc..." Differential Interference Contrast "...Reflected Light DIC Microscopy; Bias Retardation Effects on Specimen Contrast; DIC Microscope Component Alignment; etc..." Concepts in Fluorescence Microscopy "...Introduction to Fluorescent Proteins; Fundamentals and Applications in Multiphoton Microscopy; Fluorescence Filter Noise Terminator; etc..." Introduction to Live-Cell Imaging Techniques "...Maintaining Live Cells on the Microscope Stage; Cell Motility; Optical System and Detector Requirements for Live-Cell Imaging; etc..." Fundamentals of Stereomicroscopy; Introduction to Confocal Microscopy; etc..." For more information see Nikon USA Examples from over "150" Microscopy Lessons, Calculators, Applets, etc. include Microscope Optical Systems Calculators & Applets Microscope Optical Systems Calculators & Applets include: "...Tube Lens Focal Length; Immersion Oil and Refractive Index; Numerical Aperture Light Cones; Geometrical Construction of Ray Diagrams; Perfect Lens Characteristics; etc..." Phase Contrast Microscopy Calculators & Applets Phase Contrast Microscopy Calculators & Applets include: "...Phase Contrast Microscope Alignment; Optical Pathways in the Phase Contrast Microscope; Phase Plate Configuration Effects on Specimen Contrast; Specimen Optical Path Length Variations; etc..." Differential Interference Contrast Calculators & Applets Differential Interference Contrast Calculators & Applets include: "...Bias Retardation Effects on Specimen Contrast; DIC Microscope Component Alignment; Comparison of Phase Contrast and DIC Microscopy; Wavefront Relationships in Reflected Light DIC Microscopy; etc..." Fluorescence Microscopy Calculators & Applets Fluorescence Microscopy Calculators & Applets include: "...Focus and Alignment of Mercury and Xenon Arc Lamps; Matching Fluorescent Probes with Fluorescence Filter Blocks; Choosing Fluorescent Proteins for Dual Labeling Experiments; Balancing Arc-Discharge Lamp Excitation Illumination; Stereomicroscopy Fluorescence; etc..." Fundamentals of Stereomicroscopy Calculators & Applets Fundamentals of Stereomicroscopy Calculators & Applets include: "...Oblique Coherent Contrast Illumination; Toroidal Mirrors; SMZ-1500 Stereoscopic Microscope; SMZ-1500 Oblique Coherent Contrast Illumination; etc..." OPTICAL MICROSCOPY FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS (FLASH & JAVA APPLETS) - Olympus America, Inc. Multimedia Microscopy Courses, Lessons, etc. (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations, Calculators & Applets). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Optical Microscopy is "...designed to provide an Internet-based educational forum on all aspects of optical microscopy, photomicrography, and digital imaging..." Examples of "Microscopy" Categories & Subcategories include Anatomy of the Microscope "...Simple Magnification; Numerical Aperture; Condenser Aperture Diaphragm; Condenser Light Cones; Alignment of the Lamp Filament; etc..." Light and Color "...Optical Diffraction; Electromagnetic Radiation; Jablonski Diagram; Brewster's Angle; Concave Mirrors; Convex Mirrors; Refraction of Light; etc..." Specialized Techniques "...Optical Gradients in Phase Objects; Optical Path Difference; Rheinberg Illumination; Cardioid Condensers; etc..." For more information see Olympus Corporation Examples from over "150" Microscopy Lessons, Calculators, Applets, etc. include Physics of Light and Color Calculators & Applets Physics of Light and Color Calculators & Applets include: "...Electromagnetic Radiation; Sources of Visible Light; Fluorescence; Speed of Light; Reflection of Light; Refraction of Light; Diffraction of Light; etc..." Photomicrography Calculators & Applets Photomicrography Calculators & Applets include: Exposure and Color Balance; Didymium Filters; Filter Classes; Photomask Reticle Operation; Exposure Metering; etc..." Fluorescence Microscopy Fluorescence Microscopy Calculators & Applets include: "...Practical Aspects of Fluorescence Filter Combinations; Optimization and Troubleshooting; Electronic Imaging Detectors; Multiphoton Excitation Microscopy; Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy; etc..." Confocal Microscopy Calculators & Applets Confocal Microscopy Calculators & Applets include: "...Spectral Bleed-Through Artifacts in Confocal Microscopy; Choosing Fluorophore Combinations for Confocal Microscopy; etc..." Virtual Microscopy Calculators & Applets Virtual Microscopy Calculators & Applets include: "...Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy; Phase Contrast Microscopy; Reflected Light Confocal Microscopy; etc..." MICROSCOPY (FLASH & JAVA APPLETS) - M.W. Davidson, Florida State University Multimedia Microscopy Courses & Lessons (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations, Calculators & Applets). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Virtual Microscopy explores "...specimen focus, illumination intensity, magnification, and translation---operating essentially in a manner that is identical to real-life microscopes..." For more information see Molecular Expressions: Exploring the World of Optics & Microscopy Examples from over "100" Microscopy Lessons, Calculators, Applets, etc. include Basic Concepts in Optical Microscopy Calculators & Applets Basic Concepts in Optical Microscopy Calculators & Applets include: "...The Concept of Magnification; Introduction to Lenses and Geometrical Optics; Microscope Optical Components; Microscope Illumination; Image Brightness; etc..." Digital Imaging in Optical Microscopy Calculators & Applets Digital Imaging in Optical Microscopy Calculators & Applets include: Concepts in Digital Imaging Technology; Basic Properties of Digital Images; Introduction to Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs); Introduction to CMOS Image Sensors; etc..." Specialized Microscopy Techniques Calculators & Applets Specialized Microscopy Techniques Calculators & Applets include: "...Darkfield Microscopy; Differential Interference Contrast; Oblique or Anaxial Illumination; Phase Contrast; Deconvolution in Optical Microscopy; Live-Cell Imaging; Confocal Microscopy; etc..."

SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, CALCULATORS, ETC. Basic Introduction to Scanning Probe Microscopy Lessons VIRTUAL MICROSCOPE (FLASH & QUICKTIME) - Imaging Technology Group, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Multimedia Basic Microscopy Video Lessons (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see The Virtual Microscope Examples of Basic Microscopy Video Lessons include Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Basics Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Video Lessons "...basics of SEM microscopy, and illustrates how our SEM captures the data you can see on our data page..." Scanning Probe Microscopy Basics Scanning Probe Microscopy Video Lessons include "...Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM); Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM); Tapping Force Microscopy (TM-AFM); Magnetic Force Microscopy; Electric Force Microscophy (EFM); Frictional Force Microscopy; Near Field Optical Microscopy (NSOM)..." Preparing a Sample for the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Preparing a Sample for the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Video "...walks through the procedures used to prepare samples for electron imaging, including: placement on an SEM stub, sputter coating,..." Scanning Probe Microscopy Courses, Lectures, Guides, etc. A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO SPM: SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY - Veeco Instruments Multimedia Practial Guide to SPM: Scanning Probe Microscopy - PDF, 30 Pages (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. A Practial Guide to SPM: Scanning Probe Microscopy "...This guide was written to help you learn about SPMs, a process that should begin with a thorough understanding of the basics. Issues covered in this guide range from fundamental physics of SPMs to practical capabilities and instrumentation. Examples of applications are included throughout..." Examples of "A Practial Guide to SPM: Scanning Probe Microscopy" Sections & Chapters include "...How an SPM Works The Probe; The Scanner; The Z Feedback Loop; etc. Primary AFM Imaging Modes Tapping Mode AFM; Contact AFM; Non-contact AFM; etc. Secondary AFM Imaging Modes; Lateral Force Microscopy; Phase Imaging; Magnetic Force Microscopy; Conductive AFM; Tunneling AFM (TUNA); Electric Force Microscopy; Surface Potential Imaging; Force Modulation Imaging; Scanning Capacitance Microscopy; Scanning Spreading Resistance Microscopy (SSRM); Scanning Thermal Microscopy; etc. Non-Imaging Modes; The Scanner; Probes; etc..." For more information see Veeco Instruments ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, CALCULATORS, ETC. Atomic Force Microscopy Courses, Lectures, Publications, Technical Reports, etc. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY (AFM) LAB MANUAL - Bioinstrumentation Project Lab, MIT Multimedia Atomic Force Microscopy Lab Manual (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Atomic Force Microscopy Lab Manual" Sections and Subsections include "...Hardware Motion control system; Optical system; Cantilever probes for imaging; etc. Major operational steps Power-on; Engaging the tip; Calibration; etc. Software Controls overview; Z-mod (force spectroscopy) operation; etc. Additional instrumentation Differential amplifier; The spectrum analyzer; etc. Experiment 1: Mini-lab: Measuring Boltzmann's Constant; Experiment 2: Imaging; etc..." For more information see Bioinstrumentation Project Lab or MIT ATOMIC FORC MICROSCOPES - Bruker Corporation Multimedia Atomic Force Microscopes Publications, Technical Reports, AFM Modes & Techniques, etc. (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Bruker Corporation Atomic Force Microscopy Calculators, Simulations, Videos, etc. ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY VIDEOS: MICROMACHINING (QUICKTIME) - C.F. Quate (Emeritus), The Quate Group, School of Engineering, Stanford University Multimedia Atomic Force Microscopy Videos: Micromachining (Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Click on Videos. Micromachining: Atomic Force Microscope Videos include "...Fly-by Over 2mmX2mm AFM Image Video; Increasing the Throughput of the Atomic Force Microscope Video; High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy Video; Integrated Actuator (for force feedback) AFM Cantilever Demonstration Video; etc..." For more information see Quate Group; Calvin F. Quate's Home Page or the School of Engineering SUBMICROMETER AND NANOMETER TECHNOLOGY VIDEOS (QUICKTIME) - George Barbastathis, Karl Berggren, Henry Smith, Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, & the MIT OpenCourseWare, MIT Multimedia Submicrometer and Nanometer Technology Videos (Text, Images & Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Submicrometer and Nanometer Technology Videos include: "...SEM Inspection Video; SEM Sample Preparation Video; SEM Sample Mounting Video; Surface Profilometer Video; Atomic Force Microscope Video; etc..." For more information see Submicrometer and Nanometer Technology; Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science; Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Courses or the MIT OpenCourseWare NANOMICROSCOPY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS NANOMICROSCOPY FIELD CALCULATOR - P. Fraundorf, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Missouri, St. Louis VERY EXTENSIVE. Nanomicroscopy Field Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Magnification; A Scale-bar or Region of Width; The Power Spectrum of a Region; A Print of the Power Spectrum is; etc..." For more information see Phil Fraundorf's Home Page or the Department of Physics & Astronomy

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, LECTURES, CALCULATORS, SIMULATIONS, ETC. TEM COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, LECTURES, CALCULATORS, SIMULATIONS, ETC. SEM COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, LECTURES, CALCULATORS, SIMULATIONS, ETC. PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY - Scott D. Russell, Samuel Roberts Noble Microscopy Laboratory, University of Oklahoma Multimedia Transmission Electron Microscopy Course (Text, Images & Calculators). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Transmission Electron Microscopy" Course Subject Categories include "...Preparation Techniques; Sectioning; Fixative Formulary; Buffer Formulary; Stain Formulary; Protocols: Chemical Fixation; Physical Fixation; etc.; Introduction to the Transmission Electron Microscope; Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Analysis; Histochemistry and Cytochemistry; Stereological Analysis; etc..." For more information see the Scott D. Russell's Home Page or the Samuel Roberts Noble Microscopy Laboratory Examples of "Transmission Electron Microscopy" Course Chapters include Vacuum Systems Examples of "Vacuum Systems" Categories include "...Rotary pump; Oil diffusion pump; Turbo-molecular; etc..." Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis Examples of "Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis" Categories include "...Electron interactions; Characteristic x-rays; X-ray detection; Energy-dispersive x-ray detectors; Energy-dispersive x-ray electronics; etc..." Examples of "Transmission Electron Microscopy" Calculators include Accelerating Voltage Physics Calculator (Effects of Accelerating Voltage) Accelerating Voltage Physics Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Accelerating Voltage..." Accelerating Voltage Physics Calculator output values include: "...Newtonian, Einsteinian & Difference for: Velocity of Electrons; Mass of Electrons; Energy of Electrons; Momentum of Electrons; Wavelength (deBroglie Equation) of Electrons; and Resolution (Abbe's Equation).." Stereology Error Calculator Stereology Error Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Calculate Points Needed with known Standard Error and VV; Calculate Standart Error with known PT & VV..." Calculate Fixatives and Buffers for Three Fixatives Three Fixatives Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Fixative #1, #2 & #3 enter: Concentration of fixative stock; Concentration of buffer stock; Fixative required; Amount of solution needed..." TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM) - Materials Teaching Educational Resources (MATTER) Project, Material Science & Engineering, Department of Engineering, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. Multimedia Transmission Electron Microscopy Course (Text, Images, Java Applets & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Transmission Electron Microscopy "...is a set of resources designed to accompany an introductory course on transmission electron microscopy. The level is appropriate for students with an understanding of some elementary physics..." Examples of "Transmission Electron Microscopy" Course Lessons include "...Electron Scattering; Electron Atom Interactions; X-ray and Auger; Gun Simulation; Diffraction at an Aperture; Electromagnetic Lenses; Thin Lens Optics; Condensing Optics; Double Condenser Lens; Beam Convergence; Objective Aperture; Projector Lens; Condenser Astigmatism; Astigmatism; Kikuchi Lines; etc..." For more information see the MATTER Project Examples from over "25" "Transmission Electron Microscopy" Course Lessons with Applets include X-ray and Auger Electron Emission Applet Simulation of the Thermionic Electron Gun Applet Thin Lens Optics Applet Scanning/Tilting Alignment Applet

TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGICAL ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM) - R.C. Wagner, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Delaware Multimedia Transmission Electron Microscopy Course (Text, Images & Simulations). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Techniques in Biological Electron Microscopy (B617) "...is a graduate level laboratory course...Students obtain hands-on experience in preparation of tissue samples for Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy, recording of images by microscopy and..." Examples of "Transmission Electron Microscopy" Course Lectures include "...Preparation of Tissues for Transmission Electron Microscopy; Ultrastructural Cytochemistry; Freeze-Fracture and Etching; Ultramicrotomy and Staining of Thin Sections; Tracers and Labels for Transmission EM; Morphometric Techniques; Transmission Electron Microscopy; Negative Staining and Shadow Casting; Three-Dimensional Reconstruction; Preparation of Tissues for Scanning Electron Microscopy; Corrosion Casting High Resolution Radioautography; Cryofixation; Analytical Electron Microscopy; etc..." For more information see Roger C. Wagner's Home Page; Roger Wagner's Computer Art in the Biological World or the Department of Biological Sciences Examples from over "18" Transmission Electron Microscopy Lectures include Preparation of Tissue Samples for TEM Stereomicroscopy Freeze Fracture and Etching ADVANCED ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND IMAGING: LIGHT MICROSCOPY; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (TEM); CRYOSECTIONING; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY ETC. - Facility Director: P. Webster, Ahmanson Center for Advanced Electron Microscopy and Imaging, House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, California Multimedia Advanced Electron Microscopy Course (Text, Images & Simulations). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) "...The TEM is an evacuated metal cylinder (the column) about 2 meters high with the source of illumination, a tungsten filament (the cathode), at the top. If the filament is heated and a high voltage (the accelerating voltage) of between 40,000 to 100,000 volts is passed between it and the anode, the filament will emit electrons. These negatively charged electrons are accelerated to..." Examples of "Advanced Electron Microscopy" Course Chapters & Subchapters include Introduction "...Light Microscope; Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM); EM Visualization Techniques..." Methods Negative Staining for Transmission Electron Microscopy; Embedding in Epoxy Resins..." Immunocytochemistry Antibody Labeling; Embedding in Resins for Immunocytochemistry; Freeze substitution; Cryosectioning; Preparation of Colloidal Gold Probes; etc..." Protocols for Light Microscopy Specimen Preparation "...Immunolabeling for Light Microscopy; Mounting Medium for Immunofluorescence Microscopy; etc..." For more information see Ahmanson Center for Advanced Electron Microscopy and Imaging; Research or the House Ear Institute

MICROSCOPY TOOLS: CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS Fixatives Calculators & Buffer Calculators FOR MORE BUFFER CALCULATORS & APPLETS SEE BUFFERS CALCULATE FIXATIVES AND BUFFERS FOR ONE FIXATIVE, TWO FIXATIVE & THREE FIXATIVE - Scott D. Russell, Samuel Roberts Noble Microscopy Laboratory, University of Oklahoma One Fixative Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Concentration of fixative stock; Concentration of buffer stock; Fixative required; Amount of solution needed..." For more information see Principles and Techniques of Transmission Electron Microscopy; Scott D. Russell's Home Page or the Samuel Roberts Noble Microscopy Laboratory BIOLOGICAL BUFFER CALCULATOR - Sigma-Aldrich VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Select from Buffer List "...ACES; ADA; Ammonim Tartrate; AMP; AMPD; BES; BES Sodium Salts; BIS-TRIS; Boric Acid; CABS; CAPSO; Citric Acid; DIPSO; DIPSO Sodium Salts; Ethanolamne; Glycolic Acid; HPEBS; HEPES; IMDAZOLE; etc..." For more information see Biological Buffers or Sigma-Aldrich Tissue Dielectric Properties Calculator DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF BODY TISSUES CALCULATOR - D. Andreuccetti, R. Fossi & C. Petrucci, Institute of Applied Physics, Italian Research Council, Florence, Italy VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Dielectric Properties of Body Tissues Calculators (in the frequency range 10 Hz - 100 GHz) include "...All Tissues, Single Frequency Calculator; Single Tissue, Single Frequency Calculator; Single Tissue, Frequency Range Calculator..." For more information see Dielectric Properties of Body Tissues

Mineral Chemistry, Analysis & Formula MINERAL CHEMISTRY FOR MINERALS, MINERALS IN THIN SECTION, MINERAL SPECTROSCOPY, MINERAL STRUCTURE DATABASES & ATLASES SEE THE GEOSCIENCE CENTER: MINERALOGY Molecular Anions MOLECULAR ANIONS COURSES & TEXTBOOKS MOLECULAR ANIONS - J. Simons, Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Utah Multimedia Molecular Anions Textbook (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Molecular Anions" Textbook Chapters include "...Introduction to Molecular Anions; Anions Also Present Special Challenges to Theoretical Study; Chemically Conventional Anions; Multipole-Bound Anions; Multiply Charged Anions; Cluster Anions; etc..." For more information see Jack Simons Home Page or the Henry Eyring Center for Theoretical Chemistry Molecular Mass, Molar Mass, Exact Mass, Elemental Composition, Isotope Ratios, etc. MOLECULAR MASS, EXACT MASS, ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS CALCULATORS & APPLETS CHEMCALC (JAVA APPLET) - ChemExper sprl, Belgium VERY EXTENSIVE. CHEMCALC Calculator "...calculates the Molecular Formula, Molecular Mass, Exact Mass, Elemental Analysis and Plots the Isotopic Distribution Graph... For more information see ChemExper MOLAR MASS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MOLARITY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MOLARITY CALCULATOR: CREATE AND DILUTE MOLAR SOLUTIONS - H. Motulsky, GraphPad Software, Inc. VERY EXTENSIVE. Molarity Calculators include: "...Mass from Volume & Concentration Calculator; Volume from Mass & Concentration Calculator; Molarity from Mass & Volume Calculator; Dilute a Stock Solution Calculator..." For more information see Chemical and Radiochemical Calculators; GraphPad QuickCalcs or GraphPad Software MOLAR MASS AND PERCENT BY MASS CALCULATOR - D. Wookcock, Professor Emeritus, UBC (Okanagan), B.C., Canada VERY EXTENSIVE. Molar Mass Calculator and Percent by Mass Calculator "...Putting in a molecular formula of any type such as K2Cr2O7, CH3CH2COOH, KFe[Fe(CN)6]3, or Na2B4O7.10H20 will result in the molar mass and mass analyses being calculated..." For more information see Dave Woodcock's Home Page MOLAR MASS CALCULATOR - First Year Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Molar Mass Calculator "...Enter a chemical formula of a compound (e.g. H2O) to calculate molar mass and elemental composition..." For more information see Chemical Calculators; First Year Chemistry or the School of Chemistry MOLECULAR MASS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS WELCOME TO THE FORMULA TO MASS TO FORMULA APPLET PAGE - G. Cottenceau, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College of Science, Medicine and Technology, U.K. VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Examples of the Application of Java to Chemistry Molecular & Atomic Weight MOLECULAR WEIGHT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ATOMIC WEIGHT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MOLECULAR FORMULA FROM A HRMS WEIGHT CALCULATORS & APPLETS FIND MOLECULAR FORMULA FROM A HRMS WEIGHT (JAVA APPLET) - J.M. Goodman, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Molecular Formula from a HRMS Weight Calculator "...can be interrupted part way through, and the elements which have been fully investigated will be listed. The elements are searched in order of probable occurence, beginning the C, H, O then N. If chemical check is highlighted, then the search will exclude molecules which should not exist as single molecules..." For more information see Magnus: Chemical Calculations in Java; Tools; Goodman Group; Jonathan M. Goodman's Home Page or the Department of Chemistry MOLECULAR WEIGHT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MOLECULAR WEIGHT CALCULATION (JAVA APPLET) - J.M. Goodman, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University VERY EXTENSIVE. Molecular Weight Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Input Molecular Formula..." Molecular Weight Calculator OUTPUT Values include: "...HRMS Weight; Molecular Weight; Element Percentage; Standardised Molecular Formula; Molecular Ion Isotope Pattern..." For more information see Magnus: Chemical Calculations in Java; Tools; Goodman Group; Jonathan M. Goodman's Home Page or the Department of Chemistry MOLECULAR WEIGHT CALCULATION - Institut für Chemie (Institute of Chemistry), Freie Universität Berlin, Germany VERY EXTENSIVE. Molecular Weight Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Input Molecular Formula..." Molecular Weight Calculator OUTPUT Values include: "...Molecular Weight; Physical Molecular Weight; Elemental Analysis; Double Bond Equivalents..." For more information see the Institute of Chemistry (English Version) or Institut für Chemie (Deutsch Version) RNA MOLECULAR WEIGHT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS DNA MOLECULAR WEIGHT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS PROTEIN MOLECULAR WEIGHT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS DNA, RNA, PROTEIN, CHEMICAL MOLECULAR WEIGHT CALCULATOR - Chang Bioscience, Inc. VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. DNA, RNA, Protein,Chemical Molecular Weight Calculator "...For DNA/RNA molecular weight, users have the option to input sequences or sequence length. Degenerate codes can be accepted. Blanks and numbers will be automatically ignored. For modified DNA/RNA or for primer/oligo calculations, please use the Oligo Calculator. For protein/peptide molecular weight, users have the option to input sequences or sequence length. If sequences are inputed, they must in the single-letter codes. Blanks and numbers will be automatically ignored..." Molecular Weight Calculators include "...Protein Molecular Weight Calculator; Single-Stranded DNA Molecular Weight Calculator; Double-Stranded DNA Molecular Weight Calculator; RNA Molecular Weight Calculator; etc..." For more information see Chang Bioscience, Inc.

Molecular Structure & Mechanics MOLECULAR STRUCTURE RELATED CENTERS FOR MOLECULAR MODELING & STUCTURE DATABASES SEE THE CHEMICAL DATABASES: MOLECULAR MODELING NMR & MRI NMR & MRI RELATED CENTERS FOR NMR PERIODICAL TABLES SEE PERIODICAL TABLES: NMR FOR NMR & MRI SPECTROSCOPY COURSES, LECTURES, DATABASES, CALCULATORS, ETC. SEE SPECTROSCOPY MRI COURSES WITH CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS THE BASICS OF MRI - J.P. Hornak, Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY Multimedia Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Course (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Available in English, Italian & Russian. The Basics of MRI "...is an imaging technique used primarily in medical settings to produce high quality images of the inside of the human body. MRI is based on the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), a spectroscopic technique used by scientists to obtain microscopic chemical and physical information about molecules. The technique was called magnetic resonance imaging rather than nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI) because of the negative connotations associated with the word..." Examples of "The Basics of MRI" Course Chapters include "...Introduction; The Mathematics of NMR; Spin Physics; NMR Spectroscopy; Fourier Transforms; Imaging Techniques; Fourier Transform Imaging Principles; Basic Imaging Techniques; Imaging Hardware; Advanced Imaging Techniques; etc..." For more information see Class Material or the Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science Examples of "The Basics of MRI" Course Chapters include Chapter 2: The Mathematics of NMR Chapter 3: Spin Physics Chapter 12: Advanced Imaging Techniques NMR COURSES WITH CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS NMR COURSE (FLASH) - F. Sauriol, NMR Facility, Department of Chemistry, Queens University, Ontario, Canada Multimedia Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Course (Text, Images, Simulations, Animations & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)" Course Chapters include "...Basic Concepts; Pulse Tools; 2DJ-NMR; 2D: Homonuclear; 3D-NMR experiments; etc..." Examples of "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)" Animations include "...An Animation that reviews various aspect of NMR; An Animation that reviews more specifically Scalar Couplings; Animation on the APT pulse sequence; Animation on 3D HNCA; Animation on the INEPT pulse sequence; Carbon13 couplings; Spin-Echo; etc..." For more information see Advanced NMR Course; The NMR Facility at Queen's University; Facility Information - NMR; Research Facilities - Facility Information or the Department of Chemistry Examples of "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)" Course Chapter Lessons include The APT Experiment Precession and the magnetic field in NMR NMR parameters NMR-COLLABORATIVE TRAINING PROJECT (NMR-CTP) - A. Grushow & A. Brandolini, NMR Facility, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Physics, Rider University Multimedia Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Lessons (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. NMR-CTP Lessons "...Through the use of this tutorial, we hope that you will come to understand many of the practical aspects of NMR experiments, from preparing a sample to analyzing the resulting spectrum..." For more information see Rider University NMR Facility; Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Physics or the Rider University THE BASICS OF NMR - J.P. Hornak, Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY Multimedia Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Course (Text, Images, Animations & Simulations). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. The Basic of NMR "...is a phenomenon which occurs when the nuclei of certain atoms are immersed in a static magnetic field and exposed to a second oscillating magnetic field. Some nuclei experience this phenomenon, and others do not, dependent upon whether they possess a property called spin..." Examples of "The Basic of NMR" Course Chapters include "...Introduction; The Mathematics of NMR; Spin Physics; NMR Spectroscopy; Fourier Transforms; Pulse Sequences, NMR Hardware; Practical Considerations; Carbon-13 NMR; 2-D Techniques; Advanced Spectroscopic Techniques; etc..." For more information see the Chester F. Carlson Center for Imaging Science Examples of "The Basic of NMR" Course Chapters include Chapter 5: Fourier Transforms Chapter 7: NMR Hardware Chapter 10: 2-D Techniques NMR SPECTROSCOPY CALCULATORS & APPLETS 1H NMR AROMATIC CHEMICAL SHIFT CALCULATOR - Bob Hanson, Department of Chemistry, St. Olaf College VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. 1H NMR Aromatic Chemical Shift Calculator INPUT Values include "...Select a Compound; Group for Point-and-Click; MHz (60, 90, 200, 300, 400, 600); 2nd Order, Text Lines, etc..." For more information see Organic Analysis and Theory Toolkit; Chemistry Courses Toolkit or the Department of Chemistry NMR CALCULATORS - NMR TOOLS - M.R. Gryk & M.W. Maciejewski, Gregory P. Mullen NMR Structural Biology Facility, Department of Molecular, Microbial and Structural Biology & the Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Graduate Program, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Structural Biology Tools; Michael R. Gryk's Home Page; M.W. Maciejewski's Home Page; Department of Molecular, Microbial and Structural Biology; Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Graduate Program or the University of Connecticut Health Center Examples of NMR Calculators - NMR Tools include Roland NMR Toolkit Script Generator Roland NMR Toolkit Script Generator "...is designed to aid in the creation NMR Toolkit scripts for the processing of 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional NMR data sets. Data can be processed with normal FT methods or by maximum entropy reconstruction methods..." NMRPipe Script Generator NMRPipe Script Generator "...The Non-uniform sample scheduler is designed to create 1D and 2D sample schedules to be used for the collection of non-uniform NMR data sets. Reasonable values for the parameters which define the sample schedule are determined after..." Felix Macro Generator Felix Macro Generator "...is designed to aid in the creation Felix macros for the processing of 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional NMR data sets..." Pulse Width Calibrator Pulse Width Calibrator "...will determine the pulse length or power for any other pulse. The calculator includes options to deal with shaped pulses and amplifier compression..." NMR SPECTROSCOPY TOOLS - Department of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, Maine VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Department of Chemistry Some examples of NMR Spectroscopy Tools & Calculators include 1 Chemical Shift Prediction Calculator 1 Chemical Shift Prediction Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Functional Group (H, R- alkyl, R2C=CR-alkene, F, Cl, Br, etc...); Alpha Substituents; Beta Substituents; Gamma Substituents..." JD: Spin-Spin Splitting Simulation JD: Spin-Spin Splitting Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Operating Frequency; Environment (Shift-ppm; Number of Spins); Coupling Constants..." SPECTROSCOPY DATA VIEWERS FOR SPECTROSCOPY DATABASES SEE CHEMICAL & BIOCHEMICAL DATABASES: SPECTROSCOPY

Nondestructive Testing NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS EDDY CURRENT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS EDDY CURRENT TESTING COURSES, TECHNICAL REPORTS, LESSONS, ETC. EDDY CURRENT TESTING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS INTRODUCTION TO EDDY CURRENT TESTING (JAVA APPLETS) - Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Education Multimedia Eddy Current Testing Course (Text, Images & Java Applets). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Eddy Current Testing "...Electrical currents are generated in a conductive material by an induced alternating magnetic field. The electrical currents are called eddy currents because they flow in circles..." For more information see NDT Education Resources or Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Education Examples from over "22" "Eddy Current Testing" Course Lessons & Applets include Mutual Inductance Applet - The Basis for Eddy Current Inspection The Basis for Eddy Current Inspection "...In eddy current inspection, the eddy currents are generated in the test material due to mutual induction. The test probe is basically a coil of wire through which..." Standard Phase Lag Phase Lag "...is a parameter of the eddy current signal that makes it possible to obtain information about the depth of a defect within a material. Phase lag is the shift in time between the eddy current response..." Analog Meter Analog Meter "...Analog instruments are the simplest of the instruments available for eddy current inspections. They are used for crack detection, corrosion inspection, or conductivity testing..." Coil (Probe) Design Applet - Diameter Coil (Probe) Design "...The most important feature in eddy current testing is the way in which the eddy currents are induced and detected in the material under test. This depends on the design of the probe..." LIQUID PENETRANT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING COURSES, TECHNICAL REPORTS, LESSONS, ETC. LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS INTRODUCTION TO LIQUID PENETRANT TESTING (JAVA APPLETS) - Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Education Multimedia Liquid Penetrant Testing Course (Text, Images & Java Applets). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Liquid Penetrant Testing "...Liquid penetration inspection is a method that is used to reveal surface breaking flaws by bleedout of a colored or fluorescent dye from the flaw..." Examples of "Liquid Penetration" Course Chapters include "...Principles; PT Materials; Methods & Techniques; Quality & Process Control; etc..." For more information see NDT Education Resources or Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Education MAGNETIC CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION COURSES, TECHNICAL REPORTS, LESSONS, ETC. MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION COURSES, CALCULATORS, APPLETS & SIMULATIONS INTRODUCTION TO MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECTION (JAVA APPLETS) - Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Education Multimedia Magnetic Particle Inspection Course (Text, Images & Java Applets). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Magnetic Particle Testing (MPI) "...uses magnetic fields and small magnetic particles, such as iron filings to detect flaws in components..." Examples of "Magnetic Particle Testing" Course Chapters include "...Introduction; Physics; Equipment & Materials; Testing Practices; Process Control; etc..." For more information see NDT Education Resources or Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Education RADIOGRAPHY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING COURSES, TECHNICAL REPORTS, LESSONS, ETC. RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS INTRODUCTION TO RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING (JAVA APPLETS) - Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Education Multimedia Radiographic Testing Course (Text, Images & Java Applets). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Radiographic Testing "...involves the use of penetrating gamma or X-radiation to examine materials and parts for imperfections..." Examples of "Radiographic Testing" Course Chapters include "...Introduction; Physics of Radiography; Equipment & Materials; Techniques & Calibrations; Advanced Techniques; etc..." For more information see NDT Education Resources or Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Education Examples from over "20" "Radiographic Testing" Applets include Isotope Decay Rate Applet Geometric Unsharpness Applet ULTRASOUND CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ULTRASONIC TESTING COURSES, TECHNICAL REPORTS, LESSONS, ETC. ULTRASONIC TESTING COURSES, CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS INTRODUCTION TO ULTRASONIC TESTING (JAVA APPLETS) - Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Education Multimedia Ultrasonic Testing Course (Text, Images & Java Applets). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Ultrasonic Testing "...uses sound waves to detect imperfections in material and to measure material properties..." Examples of "Ultrasonic Testing" Course Chapters include "...Introduction; Physics of Ultrasound; Equipment & Transducers; Measurement Techniques; Calibration Methods; Selected Applications; etc..." For more information see NDT Education Resources or Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Education Examples from over "20" "Ultrasonic Testing" Applets include Refraction and Snell's Law Applet Transducer Beam Spread Applet Signal Processing Techniques Applet

Nuclear Chemistry NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY FOR NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY COURSES, DATABASES, CALCULATORS, ETC. SEE THE ENGINEERING CENTER: NUCLEAR ENGINEERING FOR NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY DATABASES INCLUDING NUCLEAR STRUCTURE, DECAY & ISOTOPES; NUCLIDES; RADIATION DOSIMETRY; ETC. SEE THE PHYSICS DATABASES & CHEMISTRY DATABASES CENTER FOR RADIATION & RADIOACTIVITY DATABASES, CALCULATORS, ETC. SEE RADIATION & RADIOACTIVITY CENTER Opacity Computations OPACITY COMPUTATIONS, DATABASES, ETC. FOR OPACITY DATABASES, COMPUTATIONS, ETC. SEE PHYSICS DATABASES & CHEMISTRY DATABASES CENTER: OPACITIES Organic Chemistry EXAMPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY RELATED SECTIONS & CENTERS CHEMISTRY CENTER: SYMMETRY AND POINT GROUPS CHEMISTRY CENTER: SYNTHETIC CHEMISTRY - CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS CHEMISTRY CENTER: SPECTROSCOPY CHEMISTRY CENTER: ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY CENTER: PHOTOCHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY CENTER: CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY DATABASES ORGANIC CHEMISTRY COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, LESSONS, ETC. VIRTUAL TEXTBOOK OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (CHIME) - W.H. Reusch (Emeritus), Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University Multimedia Organic Chemistry Course with Practice Problems (Text, Images, Animations, Calculators, & 3D Modeling). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Organic Chemistry "...is a broad and complex subject. To understand and achieve a practical mastery of it requires an evaluation of interacting, and often competing principles and factors. These factors do not generally lend themselves to a quantitative treatment, so qualitative judgements as to their relative importance are necessary..." Examples of "Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry" Chapters include "...Structure & Bonding; Intermolecular Forces; Chemical Reactivity; Aromaticity; Nomenclature; Stereoisomers; Spectroscopy; Alkanes; Alkenes; Alkynes; Alkyl Halides; Alcohols; Ethers; etc..." For more information see the Chemistry Courses; William Reusch's Home Page or the Department of Chemistry ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Project Director: Delmar Larsen, Department of Chemistry, College of Letters and Science, University of California, Davis Multimedia Oganic Chemistry Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Organic Chemistry" Course Lectures include "...Haloalkanes; Nomenclature of Alkanes; Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes; Ring Strain and the Structure of Cycloalkanes; Physical Properties of Ethers; Organic and Inorganic Esters from Alcohols; Williamson Ether Synthesis; Reactions of Ethers; Reactions of Oxacyclopropanes; Catalytic Hydrogenation of Alkenes; Diazomethane, Carbenes, and Cyclopropane Synthesis; Electrophilic Addition of Hydrogen Halides; Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkynes; Anti-Markovnikov Additions to Triple Bonds; Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkynes; Preparation of Alkynes by Double Elimination; etc..." For more information see ChemWiki; Larsen Lab or the Department of Chemistry ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (CHEM 51A) - J.S. Nowick, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine (UCI) Multimedia Organic Chemisty (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). Examples from over "26" "Organic Chemistry" Video Lectures include "...Resonance Structures, Skeletal Structures, Bond Length Video Lecture; Acid Strength and Equilibria Video Lecture; Organic Compounds and Functional Groups Video Lecture; Conformations of Cyclohexane Video Lecture; Energy Diagrams, Transition States, and Reaction Rates Video Lecture; Properties of Electrophiles, Leaving Groups, and Nucleophiles Video Lecture; etc..." For more information see Jamds S. Nowick's Home Page; Nowick Goup Home Page; Department of Chemistry; OpenCourseWare Courses; OpenCourseWare or the University of California, Irvine (UCI) BASIC ORGANIC NOMENCLATURE INCLUDING AN INTRODUCTION TO STEREOCHEMISTRY (CHIME & RASMOL) - D. Woodcock, Professor Emeritus, UBC (Okanagan), B.C., Canada Multimedia Organic Chemistry Nomenclature Lessons (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Organic Chemistry Nomenclature Subject Categories include "...The Alkanes; Functional Groups with Prefixes Only; Functional Groups with Suffixes Only; Functional Groups with Suffix and Prefix Aromatics; Stereochemistry Chirality; Heterocyclics; etc..." For more information see Dave Woodcock's Home Page ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - T.A. Newton, Department Chemistry, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Southern Maine Multimedia Organic Chemistry Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples from over "40" "Organic Chemistry" Course Lectures include "...Introduction; Conductance Measurements; Michael Additions; Carboxylic Acids; Structure-Acidity Correlations; The Mannich Reaction; Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution; Delocalized Bonding; Electrophilic Addition; Carbohydrates; Nucleophilic Addition Reactions; Biopolymers; Aldol Condensation; etc..." For more information see Organic Chemistry - O=CHem (CHY 251 & 253) Home Page; Chemistry Course Materials or the Department of Chemistry ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - ChempaPedia, CHEMGAROO, FIZ CHEMIE Berlin, Berlin, Germany Multimedia Organic Chemistry Lectures, Lessons, etc. (Text, Images, Animations, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Available in English, French & German. Examples of "Organic Chemistry" Subject Categories include "...Organic Chemistry Fundamentals; Chemical Bond; Alkanes; Alkenes & Alkynes; Stereochemistry; Oxidation Reactions; Halogen Alkanes; Carboxylic Acids; Substitution Reactions; etc..." For more information see ChempaPedia - Chemistry Encyclopedia; ChempaPedia; CHEMGAROO or FIZ CHEMIE Berlin ORGANIC CHEMISTRY VIDEO LECTURES (FLASH) - M. Koutroulis, Department of Chemistry, Math and Science Division, Rio Hondo College, Whittier, California Multimedia Organic Chemistry Video Lectures (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Organic Chemistry Video Lectures" include "...Nomenclature of Alkanes, Alkyl Halides, and Ethers Video Lecture; Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes Video Lecture; Nomenclature of Alcohols Video Lecture; etc..." For more information see Organic Chemistry 1; Matt Koutroulis's Home Page or the Department of Chemistry ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (QUICKTIME & FLASH) - W.M. Keck Science Department, Claremont Colleges Multimedia Organic Chemistry Course (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples from over "40" "Organic Chemistry" Course Lessons include "...Boiling & Melting Points of Alkanes; Cycloalkanes; Aldehydes and Ketones; Nomenclature of Functionalized Molecules; Conformational Analysis; etc..." For more information see Organic Chemistry Help or the W.M. Keck Science Department MOLECULAR STRUCTURES OF NATURAL COMPOUNDS - Stefan Immel, Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie - Clemens-Schöpf-Institut for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany Multimedia Molecular Structures of Natural Compounds Course (Text, Images, Animations & & 3D Modeling) VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Molecular Structures of Natural Compounds" Sections include "...Organic Chemistry (OC) Animations; Organic Chemistry (OC) Structures; Organic Chemistry (OC) Chirality; Organic Chemistry (OC) Symmetry; IR Spektra Simulation; Atomic Orbitals; Hybrid Orbitals; Natural Compounds; Molecular Orbitals (LCAO); Molecular Orbitals (π-MOs); Solid State Structures; etc..." Examples of "Molecular Structures of Natural Compounds (Classics in Spectroscopy)" Lectures include "...Reactions; Hydrocarbons; Chirality; Symmetry; etc..." For more information see Stefan Immel's Home Page or the Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie - Clemens-Schöpf-Institut for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry MOL4D WEB ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Faculty of Science, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands Multimedia Mol4: Molecules in Four Dimension: Lessons & Molecule or Reaction Calculators (Text, Iamges, Java & Chime) VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Mol4: Molecules in Four Dimension "...supplementary material for the lectures in organic chemistry, including an interactive molecule editor and computational web interface..." "...The 3D structures and animations are supposed to increase your insight into the behaviour of chemical compounds, be it organic ones or other ones. What makes a compound more or less stable, what makes it reactive..." For more information see Web Tutorials in Chemistry or the Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI) THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CATALYSIS - Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Multimedia Encyclopedia of Catalysis (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Encyclopedia of Catalysis "...a definitive A-to-Z reference work covering the most significant aspects of homogeneous, heterogeneous, asymmetric, biomimetic, and biological catalysis. The principles of catalysis, the scope of catalytic reactions, the preparation, characterization, and use of catalysts including catalytic technology..." Examples of "The Encyclopedia of Catalysis" Subject Categories include Biological Catalysis "...Biodesulfurization; Bioorganic Catalysts and Catalysis; Carbohydrases; Catalytic Antibodies; Copper Enzymes and Models; Esterification; Kinases; Magnesium Enzymes and Models; Nickel Enzymes and Models; Oxygenation and Oxygenases; Phosphatases; etc..." Heterogeneous Catalysis "...Ammoxidation; Bimetallic Catalysts; Catalysis by Solid Acids; Clays and Other Layered Materials; Dehydrogenation; Heteropolyacids; Hydrodenitrogenation; Metal Carbides, Nitrides, Oxides & Sulfides; Ring Opening Reactions; etc..." Industrial Processes "...Bases and Base Catalysis; Biphasic Catalysis; Catalysts for Fuel Cells; Catalytic Distillation; Colloids; Hydroformylation; Oxidative Carbonylation; etc..." Biomimetic Catalysis; etc. For more information see Wiley Online Library

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY DEMONSTRATIONS & EXPERIMENTS - SIMULATIONS, VIDEOS/MOVIES & AUDIO/SOUND, ETC. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY DEMONSTRATIONS (QUICKTIME) - Department of Chemistry, Barnard College Multimedia Chemistry Laboratory Video Demonstrations & Experiments (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Subject Categories of Organic Chemistry Laboratory Video Demonstrations & Experiments include "...Melting Points Video Series (3 Video Demonstrations); Recrystallization Video Series (10 Video Demonstrations); Extraction Video Series (8 Video Demonstrations); TLC Video Series (10 Video Demonstrations); Column Video Series (10 Video Demonstrations); Distillation Video Series (8 Video Demonstrations); etc..." For more information see the Department of Chemistry ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB TECHNIQUES (FLASH, QUICKTIME & WINDOWS MEDIA PLAYER) - L.M. Browne, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Multimedia Organic Chemistry Laboratory Video Demonstrations & Experiments (Text, Images, Simulations, Animations, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Organic Chemistry" Laboratory Video Demonstrations & Experiments include "...Recrystallization - Two Solvents Video; Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Video; Distillation at Reduced Pressure Video; Using a Rotary Evaporator Video; Using a Separatory Funnel Video; etc..." For more information see Organic Chemistry Laboratory or the Department of Chemistry VIRTUAL CHEMISTRY (FLASH & QUICKTIME) - Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, U.K. Multimedia Chemistry Laboratory Video Demonstrations & Experiments (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Chemistry Lecture Demonstrations & Chemistry Laboratory Video Demonstrations & Experiments Subject Categories include LiveChem "...An online video library of transition metal salt reaction. Nearly 300 videos for students to watch and learn from. Fully interactive Flash environment, etc..." Interactive Organic Mechanisms Video Demonstrations "...helps chemistry students get to grips with drawing curly arrows as a form of mechanism representation, and give practice in the form of simple example mechanisms..." Metal Ions in Solution Video Demonstrations "...The aim of this experiment is to teach you something of the aqueous chemistry of common metal ions belonging..." Named Organic Mechanism Video Demonstrations "...An interactive arrow pushing website which allows students to do some named organic reactions step by step, etc..." Nickel(II) Complexes Video Demonstrations; Simple Inorganic Solids Video Demonstrations; VSEPR Video Demonstrations; Symmetry Video Demonstrations; etc..." For more information see the Department of Chemistry ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY (REAL PLAYER) - Department of Chemistry, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee Multimedia Organic Chemistry Video Laboratory Demonstrations & Experiments (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Organic Chemistry Laboratory Video Demonstrations "...Students will learn several operations for purifying organic compounds necessary for synthesis and understand the theory and consequences of the processes involved in each operation..." Examples of "Organic Chemistry Laboratory" Video Demonstrations include "...Separation of an Organic Acid from a Mixture Video Demonstration; Chromatographic Separation of Organic Compounds Video Demonstration; Separation of Panacetin Components Video Demonstration; Addition of Bromination to Cinnamic Acid Video Demonstration; Preparation of Camphor Video Demonstration; etc..." For more information see the General Organic Chemistry Laboratory I (CHEM 3301) or the Department of Chemistry ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY TECHNIQUES (REALPLAYER) - S. Tabacco, Department of Chemistry, & the MIT OpenCourseWare, MIT Multimedia Organic Chemistry Laboratory Demonstrations & Experiments (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Organic Chemistry Laboratory" Technique Module Video Demonstrations & Experiments Subject Categories include: "...Transfer and Manipulation Techniques Video Demonstrations; Distillation Video Demonstrations; Column Chromatography Video Demonstrations; etc..." For more information see Labs; Chemistry Laboratory Techniques; Chemistry Courseware; Department of Chemistry or the MIT OpenCourseWare ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY TECHNIQUES (REALPLAYER) - Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado Multimedia Organic Chemistry Lessons, Laboratory Video Demonstrations & Experiments (Text, Images, Simulations, Animations & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Organic Chemistry Laboratory" Video Demonstrations & Experiments include Melting Points Video Demonstration; Distillation Video Demonstration; Extraction Video Demonstration; Crystallization Video Demonstration; Filtration Video Demonstration; Drying Organic Solutions Video Demonstration; Chromatography Video Demonstration; Solvent Removal Video Demonstration; Vacuum Systems Video Demonstration; etc..." For more information see CU Boulder Organic Chemistry or the Department of Chemistry

Organometallic Chemistry ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY COURSES, TEXTBOOKS, LECTURES, ETC. ORGANOMETALLIC HYPERTEXTBOOK: CHEMISTRY 614 - R. Toreki, Interactive Learning Paradigms Incorporated (ILPI) Multimedia Organometallic Chemistry Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples from over "50" "Organometallic Chemistry" Course Lectures include "...Alkene Metathesis; Alkylidenes; Allyl Complexes; Alpha Elimination and Abstraction; Cone Angles; Deinsertion Reactions; Epsilon Elimination; Imido Complexes; Monsanto Acetic Acid Process; Oxo Complexes; Phosphine Complexes; Reductive Elimination; Sigma Bond Metathesis; etc..." For more information see Robert Toreki's Home Page or Interactive Learning Paradigms

Chemistry Center Calculators On-Line Center ~ Home Page

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