MARTINDALE'S CALCULATORS ON-LINE CENTER SCIENCE A-Z GEOSCIENCE

US/Pacific: Tuesday, May 13, 2008 Sydney, Australia: Wednesday, May 14, 2008 File Download Time Calculator Author, E-Mail, Privacy Policy & Disclaimer Currently the Calculators On-Line Center contains over "23,490" Calculators

Geoscience Calculators & Applets Dating Methods ~ Dinosaurs Ecology/Ecosystems, Population Ecology, Population Genetics ~ Fish Habitats Fossils ~ Geomagnetic ~ Geochemistry ~ Geophysics Geotechnical Eng. & Geo-Engineering Geothermics, Geothermobarometry, Mineral Thermobarometry Gravity ~ Hydrology/Hydaulics ~ Ice Flow Glaciers & Icebergs Landslides ~ Magnetics ~ Oceanography ~ Plate Tectonics Seismology ~ Structural Geology ~ Tsunami ~ Volcanology Water Pollution ~ Water Quality ~ Water Runoff Geoscience Center (Courses, Databases, Journals, Video/Movies) Back to Science Calculators & Applets: A-Z (Archaeology & Anthropology Bioscience, Geoscience, Metals, Alloys Minerals & Composites Meteorology & Radiology/Radioactivity) Calculators On-Line Center Home Page

Dating Methods DATING METHODS RELATED CENTERS FOR GEOLOGIC TIME SCALES, GEOCRONOLOGY METHODS, CHRONOLOGICAL METHODS, CHRONOMETRIC TECHNIQES, ETC. DATABASES, COURSES & TEACHING MODULES SEE GEOLOGY: GEOLOGIC TIME SCALES, GEOCRONOLOGY METHODS, CHRONOLOGICAL METHODS, CHRONOMETRIC TECHNIQES, ETC. DATING METHODS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS DATING TECHNIQUES - MSU EMuseum, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Minnesota Multimedia Dating Techniques Teaching Modules (Text, Images & Applets). Geological Dating Calculators & Teaching Modules include: Relative Dating Techniques "...Cation Ratio, Cultural Affiliation, Fluorine Dating, Obsidian Hydration, Patination, Pollen Analysis, etc..." Absolute Dating Techniques "...Archaeomagnetism, Dendrochronology, Electron Spin Resonance, Fission Track, Optically Stimulated Luminescence, etc..." For more information see Archaeology Exhibits or the MSU EMuseum Examples of Dating Techniques Applets include Seriation Applet Seriation Applet "...allows you to try your hand at determining the proper chronological order the sites should be in according to their seriation..."

RADIOCARBON DATING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CARBON 14 CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CALIB RADIOCARBON CALIBRATION (JAVA APPLET) - M. Stuiver, P.J. Reimer & R. Reimer, CALIB 14C Calibration Program, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Ireland VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. CALIB Radiocarbon Calibration "...makes the conversion from radiocarbon age to calibrated calendar years by calculating the probability distribution of the sample's true age. Graphics and a variety of options are available through the program's menus..." Calib Radiocarbon Calibration input values include: "...Radiocarbon Age; Standard Deviation; Delta R; Uncertainty in Delta R; Sample Counter; Lab Error Multiplier; Curve Smoothing in Years; etc..." For more information see the CALIB 14C Calibration Program For "Reservoir Correction for Marine Samples" see Marine Reservoir Correction Database Marine Reservoir Correction Database "...Organisms from marine (and lacustrine environments) have been exposed to different levels of 14C than their counterparts in the atmosphere..." HOW MUCH CARBON-14 IS LEFT - CALCULATOR - P. Hiscock, School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Australia For more information see On-Line Articles; Resources or the School of Archaeology and Anthropology ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY (AMS): PRINCIPLES OF RADIOCARBON DATING - Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Arizona VERY EXTENSIVE. Multimedia Radiocarbon Measurements Teaching Modules (Text & Images). Radiocarbon Dating "...is well known for its use in age dating of many kinds of materials. The method is applicable to almost any carbonaceous material which formed in the last 50,000 years..." For more information see Accelerator Mass Spectrometry or the Department of Physics DENDROCHRONOLOGY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS TREE-RING DATING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CROSSDATING TREE RINGS USING SKELETON PLOTTING (JAVA APPLET) - P. Sheppard, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Crossdating Tree Rings Calculator "...teaches you the basic technique of crossdating using the "skeleton plot" method..." For more information see Crossdating Tree Rings Using Skeleton Plotting Instructions or the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research CALIBRATING RADIOCARBON AGES WITH TREE RING AGES - G. Novak, Project Director, Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles (CSULA) Calibrating Radiocarbon Ages with Tree Ring Ages Calculator "...compares actual tree ring ages (from counting) with the equivalent Radiocarbon age..." For more information see Virtual Dating; Virtual Courseware for Earth and Environmental Sciences or the Department of Geological Sciences

Dinosaurs DINOSAUR RELATED CENTERS FOR DINOSAUR DATABASES, COURSES & SIMULATIONS SEE THE GEOSCIENC CENTER: PALEONTOLOGY - DINOSAURS DINOSAUR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS DINOSAUR SPEED CALCULATORS & APPLETS DINOSAUR SPEED CALCULATOR - Sorby Geology Group, Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, U.K. VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Dinosaur Speed Calculator "...allows you to input the trackway parameters of stride length and foot size (measured in metres) together with the conversion factor, that you want to use, to relate foot size to hip height. From these it will give estimates of the gait and speed..." For more information see Dinosaur Footprints & Eggs; Sorby Geology Group: Palaeontology or the Sorby Geology Group Ecology, Ecosystems, Population Ecology CHEMICAL ECOLOGY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF INSECTS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS FOR ENTOMOLOGY (INSECTS & PESTS) DATABASES, COURSES, VIDEOS/MOVIES SEE THE BIOSCIENCE CENTER: ENTOMOLOGY CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF INSECTS: JAVA APPLETS - J.A. Byers, Pest Management & Biocontrol Research Unit, Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Agriculture Research Center, USDA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Also available is Free Scientific Sofware Developed by Byers including "...Spatial Distribution and Territoriality Software; Biology, Taxonomy and Systematics Software; Simulation of Animal Behavior/Chemical Ecology Software including Insects Searching for Mates; Trapping of Insects; Bark Beetle Dispersal in Forests; Predicting Mean Dispersal Distance of Population; etc. For more information see Chemical Ecology of Insects; John A. Byers Home Page or the Pest Management & Biocontrol Research Unit Some examples from over "30" Chemical Ecology of Insects Calculators & Applets include Effective Attraction Radius (EAR) Calculator & Simulation Effective Attraction Radius Calculator input values include: "...Number minutes trapping; Number caught on passive trap; Number caught on pheromone trap; Radius of passive trap; Estimated trap interception percentage of all flight levels; Estimated average insect speed..." Tomicus Mate Finding Calculator Tomicus Mate Finding Calculator input values include: "...Number of Minutes; Turn Angle; Number of Insect Pairs; Female Radius; etc..." Statistics: Polynomial Regression Analysis (Outliers) Calculator CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF INSECTS: EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND SIMULATION CALCULATORS - J.A. Byers, Pest Management & Biocontrol Research Unit, Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Agriculture Research Center, USDA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Chemical Ecology of Insects; John A. Byers Home Page or the Pest Management & Biocontrol Research Unit Some examples from over "16" Experimental Design and Sampling Calculators include Simple Treatment/Position Randomization with No Repeats between Replicates Simple Treatment/Position Randomization Calculator input values include: "...Number of Treatments; Number of Replications..." Randomized Uniform Sampling of Time or Distance Randomized Uniform Sampling of Time or Distance Calculator input values include: "...Select Time Samples or Distance Samples; Total Time or Distance Units; Sample Length in Units; etc..." Host plant finding by N searchers Host plant finding by N searchers Calculator input values include: "...Number animals..."

ECOSYSTEMS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ECOLOGY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ECOSYSTEMS & ECOLOGY (JAVA APPLETS) - G. Booth VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Ecosystems & Ecology is a ready-to-run CourseWare modules divided into: "...Individual-Based Ecosystem Simulators (Gecko); Lovelock's DaisyWorld & the Gaia Hypothesis; The Mathematics of Ecology; etc..." For more information see Ginger Booth's Home Page Includes over "15" Ecosystems & Ecology Calculators & Applets Ecology Simulators Ecosystem Simulators

POPULATION ECOLOGY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS POPULATION GENETICS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS POPULATION DYNAMICS MODELS (JAVA APPLET) - Kim van der Linde, Animal Ecology, Department of Biology, Leiden University, The Netherlands VERY EXTENSIVE. Available in English & Swedish/Svenska. Population Dynamics Model Calculators include: "...Verhulst Model Calculator; Lotka-Volterra Model Calculator; Nicholson-Bailey Model Calculator; ITER Model Calculator; etc..." For more information see Kim van der Linde's Home Page or the Department of Biology POPULATION GENETICS - K. Christensen, Department of Animal and Veterinary Basic Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Multimedia Population Genetics Course & Calculators (Text, Images & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Population Genetics "...efforts have been made to adjust the notes for students with a biological background, and at the same time supply a minimal set of formulas to describe the relationship between practical observations and genetic theory. In addition to the description of traits with simple Mendelian inheritance, the description of the genetics for traits (diseases) with multifactoriel aetiology has also been emphasized, here the application of correct breeding plans make it possible to significantly lower the frequency of the disease..." Examples of Population Genetics Course Chapters include: "...Introduction, quantitative versus qualitative (Mendelian) genetics; Hardy-Weinberg law for gene frequency stability in large populations; Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; Relationship and inbreeding; Test of simple genetic hypotheses, experimental or field data; Definition of quantitative traits, breeding values and heritability; Estimation of breeding values; Inbreeding, crossing and bred structure; etc..." For more information see Knud Christensen's Department Home Page or the Department of Basic Animal and Veterinary Sciences or the Faculty of Life Sciences Some examples from over "12" Population Genetics Calculators include Chapter 14: Genetic Calculators, Applets and other Programs Linkage, 3-point Analyses from Test Cross Change in Gene- and Genotype Frequencies, and effect of Population Size Calculation of Corrected Segregation Ratio according to Singles Method POPULATION GENETICS - K. Holsinger, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Kent Holsinger's Home Page or the Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Some examples from over "11" Population Genetics Calculator include EM Algorithm for ABO Frequencies Calculator EM Algorithm for ABO Frequencies Calculator "...Illustrates the EM algorithm for estimating allele frequencies in the ABO blood system. Users may select from a variety of sample configurations (including random allocation of phenotypes with three different sample sizes) and several different starting guesses (including random frequencies)..." Natural Selection Calculator Natural Selection Calculator "...illustrates how allele frequencies change over time in response to natural selection on diploid genotypes. Users may select from five different fitnesses (0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2) for each of the three genotypes. The number of generations is fixed at 100. Results from up to eight different iterations are..." Genetic Drift and Mutation Calculator Genetic Drift and Mutation Calculator "...illustrates the interaction between mutation and genetic drift. Users may select from three different population sizes (25, 100, 250) and several different mutation rates (none, 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01). 32 populations are simulated simultaneously and the results are displayed as a frequency histogram..." XGROW ON THE WEB (JAVA APPLET) - Department of Botany & Zoology, University of Toronto, Canada VERY EXTENSIVE. XGROW Calculator "...is a computer simulation program developed by BIO150Y for students to design and conduct experiments in population growth under conditions of unrestricted growth, competition, and predation..." For more information see the Department of Botany & Zoology

Fish Habitats

Columbia Basin Water & Fisheries Project Erosion ~ Fish Habitat Suitability Index ~ Fish Health ~ Fish Passage Flow Between Two Reservoirs ~ Free Ammonia-Nitrogen ~ Gas Saturation in Streams Hatchery Breeding ~ Lakes Long-term Water Balance Nutrient Content in Water Runoff & Stream Flow Stream Pebble Count ~ Water Density ~ Water Runoff

Fish Habitats FISH HABITAT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS HATCHERY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS WATERSHED CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS STREAM FLOW CALCULATORS & APPLETS Columbia Basin Water & Fisheries Project JAVADART - Columbia Basin Research, School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences (SAFS), University of Washington VERY VERY VERY VERY......EXTENSIVE. Columbia Columbia River DART includes "...River Environment data courtesy of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, NWD and Grant County PUD..." "...Adult Passage data courtesy of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, NWD and Chelan, Douglas, and Grant County PUDs and Yakima Klickitat Fisheries Project..." "...Juvenile Passage data courtesy of Fish Passage Center..." For more information see javaDART - Java-based DART Graphics Tool; Columbia Columbia River DART (Data Access in Real Time); Columbia Basin Research or the School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences (SAFS) Some examples from over "24" DART Databases that are included in the JavaDART DART Adult Salmonid Passage Composite Report DART Smolt Index Composite Report DART Hatchery Releases DART Hourly Water Quality Composite Report Examples of related Models & Tools available include Growth of salmonids: eggs and fry Juvenile Salmon Travel Time Models Erosion WATER RUNOFF: SHORT-TERM & LONG-TERM HYDROLOGIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT (L-THIA) DETAILED INPUT - Urban Sprawl Hydrologic Impact, Schools of Engineering, Agricultural & Biological Engeering, Purdue University & the Construction Engineering Research Laboratories Division of the US Army Corps of Engineers VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Impacts of Land Use Change on Water Resources Water Runoff: Short-Term Impact Assessments Tools "...Includes four different tools: SedSpec, Rational Method, TR-55 & Database Frontend..." Water Runoff: Long-Term Impact Assessments Tools "...This tool uses the land use and a soil characteristic from the user along with thirty years of precipitation data to determine the average impact that a particular land use change or set of changes..." Water Runoff Tools input values include: By State; By County; Area in "...Acres, Hectares, Km2, Mi2..." Land Use "...Commercial; Industrial; Residential; Open Spaces; Parking/Paved Spaces; Water/Wetlands; Grass/Pasture; Agriculture; Forest; Custom Land Use..." Hydrologic Soil Groups..." For more information see Web-Based GIS and Decision Support Systems for Hydrological/Water Quality Impact Analysis or the College of Engineering Fish Health NATIONAL WILD FISH HEALTH DATABASE - Conducted as a cooperative agreement between the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Division of Fish Hatcheries and Montana State University, Environmental Statistics Group; and hosted by the Environmental Statistics Group Multimedia Fish Health Database (Text & Images). For more information see the Limitation Confirmation; National Wild Fish Health Survey Database Web Site; Environmental Statistics Group or the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Fish Calculation: Predicts the Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) FISH CALCULATOR (FISH 1) - S. Parson, Internet Watershed Educational Tool (InterWET), Penn State University VERY EXTENSIVE. Fish Calculator "...is designed to predict the habitat suitability index (HSI) for four life stages and overall for brown trout. The HSI is used by scientists to rate how well a given body of water can support a particular fish life stage and species..." For more information see Internet Watershed Educational Tool (InterWET) Fish Passage FISHXING (FISH CROSSING) - Stream Systems Technology Center, Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Multimedia Design Culverts for Fish Passage Sofware, Teaching Modules, Case Studies (Text, Images, Videos/Movies). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. FISHXING is "...intended to assist engineers, hydrologists, and fish biologists in the evaluation and design of culverts for fish passage...." For more information see the Stream Systems Technology Center Software; Stream Systems Technology Center Publications or Stream Systems Technology Center

Flow Between Two Reservoirs FLOW BETWEEN TWO RESERVOIRS (JAVA APPLET) - F. Hellweger, D.R. Maidment & B. Adams, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas VERY EXTENSIVE. Flow Between Two Reservoirs "...A fluid flow system between two reservoirs is presented in an applet called Visiflow, and the user has a number of options about the connection between the reservoirs..." For more information see Ferdi Hellweger - WWW Educational Tools; Ferdi Hellweger's Home Page or the Department of Civil Engineering Free Ammonia-Nitrogen FREE AMMONIA-NITROGEN CALCULATOR - J.E. Alleman, Environmental and Hydraulic Engineering Area, School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Purdue University Multimedia Free Ammonia-Nitrogen Teaching Modules & Calculators (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. Free Ammonia-Nitrogen Calculator input values include: "...Total (NH3+NH4)-Nitrogen Concentration; pH; Temperature..." For more information see J.E. Alleman's Home Page or the School of Civil Engineering Gas Saturation in Streams GAS SATURATION CALCULATOR FOR STREAMS - H. Bührer, Switzerland VERY EXTENSIVE. Gas Saturation Calculator for Streams input values include: Select one of the Gases: "...Hydrogen, Deuterium, Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, 222Rn, Oxygen, Nitrogen, N2O, NO, CO, CO2, SO2, Chlorine, Cl2O, ClO2, Ethane, Propane, Butane, H2Se, H2S, & CH4..." Input Temperature, Air Pressure or Saturation Percentatge; etc. For more information see Calculators or Heinrich Bührer's Home Page Hatchery Breeding EVOLUTION UNDER GENERAL INTEGRATED HATCHERY BREEDING SYSTEM - CALCULATOR - Environmental Statistics Group, Department of Ecology, Montana State University VERY EXTENSIVE. Evolution under General Integrated Hatchery Breeding System Calculator input values include: "...Replacement Rate from Hatchery Spawning; Replacement Rate from Wild Spawning; Rate of Mining Hatchery Origin Broodstock for Hatchery; Rate of Mining Wild Origin Broodstock for Hatchery; etc..." For more information see the Environmental Statistics Group Lakes Long-term Water Balance LAKE BUDGET ESTIMATOR - E. Holzbecher, Department of Ecohydrology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany VERY EXTENSIVE. Lake Budget Calculator "...calculates one missing term in a lake's long-term water balance..." For more information see Ekkehard Holzbecher's Home Page or the Department of Ecohydrology Nutrient Content in Water Runoff & Stream Flow NUTRIENT CALCULATORS (NUTRIENT 1) - S. Parson, Internet Watershed Educational Tool (InterWET), Penn State University VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Nutrient Calculators "...use a combination of factors from the previous calculators and a new waste water factor. Dissolved nutrients are strongly tied to factors which affect runoff and stream flow..." Load Average Year Nutrient Calculator input values include: "...Land Cover; Soil Texture; Slope; Length along Slope; Groundwater Aquifer; Waste Water..." Load Dry Year Nutrient Calculator input values include: "...Land Cover; Soil Texture; Slope; Length along Slope; Groundwater Aquifer; Waste Water..." Load Wet Year Nutrient Calculator input values include: "...Land Cover; Soil Texture; Slope; Length along Slope; Groundwater Aquifer; Waste Water..." For more information see Internet Watershed Educational Tool (InterWET)

Stream Pebble Count SIZE-CLASS PEBBLE COUNT ANALYZER (SPREADSHEET OPENS ONLINE WITH EXCEL, iWORK-NUMBERS, IBM LOTUS SYMPHONY, NEOOFFICE, OPENOFFICE CALC, ETC.) - Stream Systems Technology Center, Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Size-Class Pebble Count Calculator "...helps users estimate sample size, enter field data tallied by size class, produce tables and graphs, and perform statistical analysis using contingency tables and the Pearson chi-squared statistic..." For more information see the Stream Systems Technology Center Software; Stream Systems Technology Center Publications or Stream Systems Technology Center ZIG-ZAG PEBBLE COUNT ANALYZER (SPREADSHEET OPENS ONLINE WITH EXCEL, iWORK-NUMBERS, IBM LOTUS SYMPHONY, NEOOFFICE, OPENOFFICE CALC, ETC.) - Stream Systems Technology Center, Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Zig-Zag Pebble Count Calculator "...helps users estimate sample size, enter field data measured using the zig-zag protocol, produce tables and graphs, and perform statistical analysis using contingency tables and the Pearson chi-squared statistic..." For more information see the Stream Systems Technology Center Software; Stream Systems Technology Center Publications or Stream Systems Technology Center Water Density WATER DENSITY CACULATOR - H. Bührer, Switzerland Water Density Calculator "...Suspended particles are not included. Valid in freshwater only..." Water Density Calculator input values include: "...Temperature; Conductance at Actual Temperature; Conductance at 20 Degrees; Conductance at 25 Degrees; Density; Water Depth; Density in Depth; Temperature at Maximum Density..." For more information see Calculators or Heinrich Bührer's Home Page Water Runoff RUNOFF CALCULATOR (RUNOFF 1) - S. Parson, Internet Watershed Educational Tool (InterWET), Penn State University VERY EXTENSIVE. Runoff Calculator "...The two main things that control runoff is the land cover and the soil. Runoff and infiltration do a balancing act..." Runoff Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Amount of Rain; Land Cover (Forest, Pasture, Row Crops, etc.); Soil Infiltration Rate (Sand, Silt, Clay); Soil Moisture (Dry, Moist, Wet)..." For more information see Internet Watershed Educational Tool (InterWET)

Fossils FOSSIL RELATED CENTERS FOR FOSSIL DATABASES, COURSES & SIMULATIONS SEE THE GEOSCIENC CENTER: PALEONTOLOGY FOSSIL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS DIGITAL MORPHOLOGY (QUICKTIME) - Project Director: Timothy Rowe, Digital Morphology Group, in conjunction with The University of Texas High-Resolution X-ray Computed Tomography Facility VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Multimedia Digital Morphology (DigiMorph) Database & Teaching Modules (Text, Images, Applets, Slices, 3D Models, Videos/Movies). Digital Morphology (DigiMorph) is "...part of the National Science Foundation Digital Libraries Initiative, develops and serves unique 2D and 3D visualizations of the internal and external structure of living and extinct vertebrates, and..." Digital Morphology Subject Categories include: "...Dinosaurs, Pterosaurs; and Their Extinct Relatives; Mammals and Their Extinct Relatives; Birds; Alligators and Crocodiles; Sharks, Fishes and Other "Fish-like" Creatures; etc..." CENOZOIC-MESOZOIC TIMESCALES CONVERT CENOZOIC-MESOZOIC TIMESCALES - Ocean Drilling Stratigraphic Network (ODSN), Universität Bremen (University of Bremen), Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Germany) VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Convert Cenozoic-Mesozoic Timescales Calculator input values include: "...Convert ages between Berggren/Kent & Gradstein; Berggren; Gradstein & Ogg; Cande & Kent; Harland; Heirtzler; etc..." For more information see Services; Ocean Drilling Stratigraphic Network (ODSN) or the Universität Bremen ODSN FOSSIL DISTRIBUTION PLOTTING - CALCULATORS & APPLETS ODSN FOSSIL DISTRIBUTION PLOTTING - CALCULATOR - Ocean Drilling Stratigraphic Network (ODSN), Universität Bremen (University of Bremen), Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Germany) VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. With ODSN Fossil Distribution Plotting Calculator you "...you can plot the distribution of certain fossils based on DSDP-data and about 200 ODP-sites to present day world maps. The database can be searched for the occurrance of more than 5000 different fossils of several groups..." For more information see Services; Ocean Drilling Stratigraphic Network (ODSN) or the Universität Bremen

Geomagnetic GEOMAGNETIC CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS COMPUTE VALUES OF EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD - National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Earth's Magnetic Field Values Calculators include: "...Estimated Value of Magnetic Declination Calculator; Magnetic Field Calculator (Geomagnetic Online Calculator); U.S. Historic Declination Calculator; Estimated Values of Magnetic Field Properties Calculator..." For more information see Geomagnetism or the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) CORRECTED GEOMAGNETIC COORDINATES - Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF), Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. IGRF/DGRF Model Parameters and Corrected Geomagnetic Coordinates Calculator "...enables computation of a set of the main geomagnetic field model parameters and transformation from the GEOcentric spherical (geographic) coordinates to the Corrected GeoMagnetic (CGM) coordinates and vice versa..." For more information see Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF) or the Goddard Space Flight Center GEOMAGNETISM REAL-TIME DATA - Geology Division, United States Geological Survey (USGS) Multimedia Geomagnetism Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Geomagnetism Real-Time Data "...plots for today and the previous seven days are available..." For more information see the Geology Divisions or the United States Geological Survey GEOMAGNETIC FIELD CALCULATOR - E. Williams VERY EXTENSIVE. Geomagnetic Field Calculator "...computes the earth's magnetic field based on various standard spherical harmonic fits..." For more information see Ed Williams Airport Page MAGNETIC FIELD CALCULATOR - L. Newitt, Canadian National Geomagnetism Program, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Magnetic Field Calculator "...may be used to calculate values of all seven magnetic components: D, I, H, Z, F, X, Y. The Canadian Geomagnetic Reference Field is used to compute values within Canada and adjacent area...Magnetic reference field models give results that are typically accurate to about 150 nT, but the difference between the model value and the true value of the magnetic field at a given location is dependent on a number of factors..." For more information see Canadian National Geomagnetism Program MAGNETIC FIELD CALCULATOR (JAVA APPLET) - Enertech Consultants VERY EXTENSIVE. Magnetic Field Calculator "...calculates lateral profiles of the magnetic field for a system of user-defined conductors. The program is based on Ampere's Law and assumes straight conductors parallel to a flat earth..." For more information see Enertech Consultants THE IGRF APPLET - K. Korhonen, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland VERY EXTENSIVE. IGRF Applet "...contains a graphical user interface (GUI) that enables the user to select the desired parameters for map plotting and geomagnetic field calculation..." For more information see Geomagnetism; FMI/geomagnetism or the Finnish Meteorological Institute

LINEAR INVERSION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS LINEAR INVERSION (JAVA APPLET) - Geophysical Inversion Facility, Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada VERY EXTENSIVE. Geophysical inversion "...can been described as a process used to find a distribution of a physical property that caused a set of physical measurements recorded in a field survey..." Linear Inversion Calculator input values include: "...Enter values for Kernels, Noise & Alpha; Click on either L-curve, Chifact, GCV or Beta..." For more information see Seeing the Earth's Subsurface or the Geophysical Inversion Facility MAGNETIC DECLINATION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MAGNETIC DECLINATION CALCULATOR (MIRP) - L. Newitt, Canadian National Geomagnetism Program, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. The Magnetic Information Retrieval Program (MIRP) "...uses the CGRF to calculate values of magnetic declination..." For more information see Canadian National Geomagnetism Program MAGNETIC DIPOLE CALCULATORS & APPLETS MAGNETIC DIPOLE MODELLING APPLET - Geophysical Inversion Facility, Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada Magnetic Dipole Modeling Applet's "...objective is to learn about the magnetic field observed at the ground's surface, caused by a small buried dipolar magnet. In geophysics, this simulates the observed anomaly over a buried susceptible sphere that is magnetized by the Earth's magnetic field..." For more information see Seeing the Earth's Subsurface or the Geophysical Inversion Facility

Geochemistry GEOCHEMISTRY RELATED CENTERS FOR CHEMISTRY CALCULATORS, APPLETS & EXPERIMENTS SEE THE CHEMISTRY CALCULATORS CENTER FOR GEOCHEMISTRY, COURSES, DATABASES, JOURNALS, VIDEOS/MOVIES, ETC. SEE THE GEOSCIENCE CENTER GEOCHEMISTRY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS COSMOGENIC ISOTOPES CALCULATORS CRONUS-EARTH ONLINE CALCULATORS - COSMOGENIC ISOTOPES CALCULATORS - Greg Balco, Cosmogenic Isotope Laboratory, Quanternary Research Center & the Analytical Geochemistry Group, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Washington VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Cosmogenic Isotopes Calculators include: Beryllium-10/Aluminium-26 Exposure Age Calculator: "...calculating an exposure age when erosion rate is known independently..." Beryllium-10/Aluminium-26 Surface Erosion Rate Calculator: "...calculating the surface erosion rate under the assumption that the erosion rate has been constant long enough for several meters of rock to have been removed..." Geometric Shielding Calculator: "...For correcting the production rate at a site that is partially shielded from the cosmic-ray flux, either by the surrounding topography or by a nominally infinite dipping..." For more information see the Cosmogenic Isotope Laboratory; Quaternary Research Center; Analytical Geochemistry Research Group or the Department of Earth and Space Sciences Geophysics GEOPHYSICS RELATED CENTERS FOR PHYSICS CALCULATORS, APPLETS & EXPERIMENTS SEE THE PHYSICS, ASTROPHYSICS & ASTRONOMY CALCULATORS CENTER FOR GEOPHYSICS, BOREHOLE PHYSICS, ETC. COURSES, DATABASES, JOURNALS, VIDEOS/MOVIES SEE THE GEOSCIENCE CENTER GEOPHYSICS COURSES WITH CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS APPLIED GEOPHYSICS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS THE BERKELEY COURSE IN APPLIED GEOPHYSICS (JAVA APPLETS) - F.H. Morrison, E. Gasperikova & J. Washbourne, Applied Geophysics Program, GeoEngineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley Multimedia Applied Geophysics Course (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations & Applets). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Applied Geophysics "...is a course about the methods used to map the distribution of physical properties beneath the surface of the earth. These methods are used by geologists, hydrologists and reservoir, soils and geotechnical engineers to locate subsurface features..." Applied Geophysics Course Chapters & Subchapters include: Gravity Method "...Gravity and gravity field of the Earth; Gravity surveys; Density of minerals, soils and rocks; Gravity anomalies of simple shapes; etc..." Magnetic Method "...Magnetic Fields; The magnetic field of the earth; Magnetic anomalies; Magnetometers; etc..." DC Electric Methods "...Electric and electromagnetic fields; DC Electrical Methods (the Resistivity Method); Electrical conductivity of rocks and minerals; etc..." Electromagnetic Methods "...EM Theory; Targets in free space; The half space response; etc..." Seismic Methods "...Seismic waves; Reflection and Refraction; Time-distance plots; Seismic velocity, attenuation and rock properties; etc..." For more information see Frank H. Morrison's Home Page; Applied Geophysics Program; GeoEngineering or the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Some examples from over "12" Geophysics Calculators include Gravity Methods Chapter: Gravity Response of the Cylinder/Sphere Calculator Magnetic Methods Chapter: Magnetic Survey Simulation Calculator Electric Methods Chapter: Archie's Law Calculator Electric Methods Chapter: Cole=Cole Calculator Seismic Methods Chapter: Raytracing Calculator - RayPaths for Three-Layer Model Calculator

GEOPHYSICS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS GEOPHYSICS APPLETS - P. Alberts, Geophysics Clausthal, Institut für Geophysik, TU Clausthal, Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Germany) VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Geophysics Calculators & Applets include: "...Seismometer Demonstration Applet; Seismometer Calibration Applet; 2D-Magnetics Applet; agnetic Dipole Applet; Gravity Meter Applet; Normalized Frequency Response of a seismometer Applet; Free Motion of the moving mass of a seismometer Applet; LP Seismometer Applet; Ray Paths Applet; Electric Sounding Applet; Geothermics Applet; Huygens' Priciple Applet..." For more information see Java Applets or the Institut für Geophysik, TU Clausthal GEOPHYSICS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ELASTIC WAVE EXPLORATION SEISMOLOGY CALCULATORS & APPLETS CREWES EXPLORER PROGRAM (JAVA APPLETS) - Consortium for Research in Elastic Wave Exploration Seismology (CREWES), Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Elastic Wave Exploration Seismology Tools include "...acquisition, analysis and interpretation of multicomponent seismic data..." For more information see Consortium for Research in Elastic Wave Exploration Seismology (CREWES) or the Department of Geology and Geophysics Some examples from over "10" Elastic Wave Exploration Seismology Calculators & Applets include CREWES Zoeppritz Explorer CREWES Zoeppritz Explorer is "...a useful web-based applet that enables the user to visually 'explore' Zoeppritz equation solutions with various parameter inputs..." CREWES Reflectivity Explorer CREWES Reflectivity Explorer "...enables the user to view large number of AVO-related approximations to the P-P reflection co-efficient for any combination of earth properties..." CREWES AniZoeppritz Explorer CREWES AniZoeppritz Explorer "...lends insight into the realm of materials displaying vertical transverse isotropy (VTI) and horizontal transverse isotropy (HTI)..." CREWES Interface Parameter Calculator CREWES Interface Parameter Calculator is "...designed to be a convenient tool for converting data on interfaces between earth layers into various useful formats...." GEOPHYSICS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS GAMMA CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS GAMMA CALCULATOR - Radiation Geophysics, Geological Survey of Canada VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Gamma Calculator "...demonstrates the process of calculating equivalent ground concentrations of potassium (K), uranium (U) and thorium (Th) from measured raw count rates and spectrometer/system constants..." For more information see Radiation Geophysics CALCULATEUR GAMMA - Géophysique de rayonnement, Commission géologique du Canada VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Calculateur Gamma "...montre comment les concentrations équivalentes au sol de potassium (K), d'uranium (U) et de thorium (Th) sont calculées d'après les taux de comptage bruts mesurés et les constantes des spectromètres/systèmes..." For more information see Géophysique de rayonnement GAMMA-RAY SPECTROMETRY CATALOGUE OF ISOTOPE SPECTRAL DATA - Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Center, Idaho National Laboratory (INL) Multimedia Gamma-ray Spectrum Catalogue of Isotope Spectral Data Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. "...The INL's Gamma-ray Spectrum Catalogue is an attempt to compile spectra from various detector types and present these spectra with decay schemes and data tables based on the latest ENSDF data. It includes recently acquired Ge spectra and decay data as well as available spectra..." For more information see Gamma-ray Spectrum Online Catalogs; Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Center or the Idaho National Laboratory

Geotechnical Engineering GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS GEOENGINEERING MODELING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS GEO-ENGINEERING MODELING (JAVA APPLETS & JAVA WEB START) - Geo-Engineering Modeling through INternet Informatics (GEMINI), Kansas Geological Survey, University of Kansas VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see GEMINI (Geo-Engineering Modeling through INternet Informatics) or the Kansas Geological Survey Examples of Geoengineering Calculators including Reservoir Engineering Modeling Calculators include PVT Calculator PVT (Pressure/Volume/Temperature) data play an indispensable role in reservoir engineering calculations..." PVT Calculator includes: "...(1) Oil Calculations: Oil Formation Volume Factor, Coefficient Of Isothermal Compressibility, Dead and Saturated Oil Viscosities calculations; (2) Water Calculations: Compressibility of Brine and Viscosity of Water calculations; (3) Gas Calculations: Gas Formation Volume Factor, Gas Compressibility and Gas Viscosity calculations..." Material Balance Calculator Material Balance Calculator "...will calculate and plot volume of fluids withdrawn from the reservoir (F/E) against the volume of water influx (We/E) at regular time steps..." Material Balance Calculator input values include: "...Fluid Properties; Aquifer Properties; Reservoir Properties & Aquifer Constant Calculations..." Gridding and Mapping Calculator Gridding and Mapping Calculator "...is an interactive process that assists the user in building simple color contour maps of Oil & Gas Well data..." LAS File Viewer Calculator LAS File Viewer Applet "...was created to assist the user in locating and viewing digital LAS (Log ASCII Standard version 2.0) Files..." LAS Viewers "...have the capability to plot a Rhomaa-Umaa Lithology track if the LAS File has a Photoelectric, Bulk Density and Neutron Porosity Curves..." GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS GEOTECHNICAL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SOIL CALCULATIONS - J.E. Clausner & E. Briuer, Dredging Operations and Environmental Research, Dredging Operations Technical Support (DOTS), Environmental Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), Waterways Experiment Station (WES), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers VERY EXTENSIVE. Soil Calculators include: Determine Routine to Run "...Water content of soil; Dry density of soil; Degree of Saturation; etc..." Soil Calculators input values include: Water Content Method 1 "...Weight of water in soil; Weight of soil particles; Dry density; Void Ratio; Degree of Saturation..." Water Content Method 2 "...Wet weight of soil; Wet weight of soil; Volume of solids; Porosity; Degree of Saturation..." Water Content Method 3 "...Water content; Weight of water; Dry density of soil; Specific gravity of soil..." For more information see Dredging Calculations; Dredging Operations and Environmental Research; Dredging Operations Technical Support (DOTS); Environmental Laboratory or the Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) SOIL MODELS: SOIL PHYSICS & SOIL CHEMISTRY SOFTWARE - United States Salinity Laboratory, Agriculture Research Service, Department of Agriculture VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Soil Physics & Soil Chemistry Software Requires Regristration. For more information see Products & Services or the United States Salinity Laboratory Examples from over "25" Soil Physics & Soil Chemistry Software includes EXTRACT CHEM Model EXTRACT CHEM Model is "...developed to predict the major ion, B composition, electrical conductivity (EC) and osmotic pressure (OP) of a soil solution at a desired water content based on the known ion composition at another water content..." 3DADE Model 3DADE Model is a "...program for evaluating a series of analytical solutions of the 3-Dimensional Advection-Dispersion Equation. The analytical solutions pertain to three-dimensional solute transport during steady unidirectional water flow in porous media with uniform transport and flow properties..." CHAIN 2D Model CHAIN 2D Model simulates "...two-dimensional variably saturated water flow, heat transport, and the movement of solutes involved in sequential first-order decay reactions. The program numerically solves the Richards' equation for saturated-unsaturated water flow and the convection-dispersion equation for heat and solute transport. The flow equation incorporates a sink term to account for water uptake by plant roots..." ROSETTA Model ROSETTA Model "...offers five PTFs that allow prediction of the hydraulic properties with limited or more extended sets of input data. This hierarchical approach is of a great practical value because it permits optimal use of available input data..." SOIL PHYSICS SOFTWARE TOOLS (JAVA WEB START) - D.L. Nofziger, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Soil Physics Software Tools includes "...research tools, instructional aids, and decision-support systems for managing soil and water resources..." Soil Physics Calculators include: "...Steady-State Water Movement in Saturated and Unsaturated Soils Calculator; Transient Water Movement in Soils Calculator; Water Balance in the Root Zone Calculator; Diffusion of Chemicals in Soils Calculator; Chemical Movement in Soils with Steady-State Water Flow Calculator; Chemical Movement in Soils with Transient Water Flow Calculator; etc..." For more information see Soil Physics; Department of Plant and Soil Sciences or the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources SOIL PHYSICS TEACHING TOOLS (JAVA APPLETS) - D. L. Nofziger, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Soil Physics; Department of Plant and Soil Sciences or the Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Some examples from over "15" Soil Physics Calculators - Applets include Steady-state Water Flow in Homogeneous Media Calculator Steady-state Water Flow in Homogeneous Media Calculator solves "...the Darcy and Buckingham-Darcy equations for steady-state water movement in soils and to display the predictions of these models in graphical form..." Water Balance Estimates Calculator Water Balance Estimates Calculator "...enables the user to specify the capacity of the root zone of a soil to store water, the amount of water in the root zone at a particular date,..." Soil Temperature Variations With Time and Depth Calculator Soil Temperature Variations With Time and Depth Calculator "...estimates daily soil temperatures and displays these values as functions of time or depth for user defined input parameters..." Diffusion of Solute in Soil Media Calculator Diffusion of Solute in Soil Media Calculator "...demonstrates the one-dimensional spreading of a chemical plume of width h in a semi-infinite system of zero background concentration. The spreading process is illustrated in a graph..." Mixing in an Aquifer Calculator Mixing in an Aquifer Calculator "...allows you to modify these parameters and to see the aquifer concentration as a function of time as well as the total time required to reach a critical concentration..." SOIL TEXTURE TRIANGLE BULK DENSITY CALCULATORS: CANADIAN SYSTEM & U.S. SYSTEM - Pedosphere VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Soil Texture Triangle Bulk Density Calculators "...Soil physical properties (texture, structure and organic matter) control the total pore space and pore size distribution in soil..." Soil Texture Triangle Bulk Density Calculators include: "...Canadian Texture Triangle Calculator; Canadian Bulk Density Calculator; American Texture Triangle Calculator; American Bulk Density Calculator..." For more information see Pedosphere SOIL WATER CHARACTERISTICS: HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES CALCULATOR - Developed by: K.E. Saxton, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, in cooperation with the Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University VERY EXTENSIVE. Soil Texture Triangle Calculator "...estimates soil water tension, conductivity and water holding capability based on the soil texture, organic matter, gravel content, and salinity..." For more information see the Department of Biological Systems Engineering

LANDFILL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS LANDFILL DESIGN CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS LANDFILL DESIGN CALCULATORS - Landfilldesign.com VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Landfill Design Calculators assist "...users in implementing best practice because we are the only entity in this field dedicated towards creating user friendly design calculator software packages that integrate the key lesson..." Landfill Design Calculator Subject Categories include: "...Cost-Benefit Analysis; Landfill Lateral Drainage System; Landfill Cover Slope Stability; Landfill Gas Pressure Relief Layer; Geomembrane Puncture Protection; Geomembrane Anchor Trench Design; Landfill Access Ramp; etc..." For more information see the Design or Landfilldesign.com Examples from over "37" Landfill Design Calculators include Cost/Benefit Analysis for Geosynthetic Drainage Media vs. Natural Drainage Media Calculator Landfill Lateral Drainage System - Single Slope Design Calculators Landfill Gas (LFG) Pressure Relief Layer Calculators Geomembrane Anchor Trench Design Calculators SLOPE STABILITY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SLOPE STABILITY CALCULATOR - P. Diehl, WISE Uranium Project, Arnsdorf, Germany VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Slope Stability Calculator "...determines the factor of safety for a soil slope. It uses the Bishop Modified and/or Ordinary Method of Slices for a 2-dimensional setting...The calculator searches the circular slip surface for which the factor of safety is minimal. Then, it calculates..." For more information see Calculators or the WISE Uranium Project COVER SOIL SLOPE STABILITY DESIGN CALCULATORS - Landfilldesign.com VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see the Landfill Design; Design or Landfilldesign.com Cover Soil Slope Stability Design Calculators include: Seepage Force Stability Calculator Seepage Force Stability Calculator input values include: "...Length of the slope; Slope angle; Height of cover soil; Height of drainage layer; Permeability of cover soil; Design permeability of drainage layer; Precipitation; Dry unit weight of cover soil; etc..." Landfill Gas Pressure Stability Calculator Landfill Gas Pressure Stability Calculator input values include: "...Thickness of cover soil perpendicular to the slope; Slope inclination angle; Geomembrane-soil interface friction angle; Geomembrane-soil interface adhesion; etc..." Veneer Reinforcement Stability Calculator Veneer Reinforcement Stability Calculator input values include: "...Thickness of the cover soil; Slope angle; Length of slope measured along geomembrane; Unit weight of the cover soil; Friction angle of the cover soil; Ultimate tensile strength of geosynthetic reinforcement; Reduction factor for installation damage; etc..." Seismic Force Stability Calculator Seismic Force Stability Calculator input values include: "...Thickness of the cover soil; Slope angle; Length of slope measured along geomembrane; Friction angle of the cover soil; Cohesion of the cover soil; Interface friction; Seismic coefficient; etc..." TAILINGS FLOW SLIDE CALCULATORS & APPLETS TAILINGS FLOW SLIDE CALCULATOR - P. Diehl, WISE Uranium Project, Arnsdorf, Germany VERY EXTENSIVE. Tailings Flow Slide Calculator "...Determine the extent of a flow slide of mill tailings liquefied during an earthquake, and view a computed animation of the flow slide..." Tailings Flow Slide Calculator input values include: "...Initial Height of Dam; Bed Slope; Tailings Properties "...Total Unit Weight; Bingham Yield Strength; Bingham Plastic Viscosity; etc..." For more information see Calculators or the WISE Uranium Project

Geothermics, Geothermobarometry, Mineral Thermobarometry GEOTHERMICS CALCULATORS & APPLETS THE GEOTHERMICS APPLET - P. Alberts, Geophysics Clausthal, Institut für Geophysik, TU Clausthal, Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Germany) Geothermics Calculator "...simulates the conductive cooling (heating of simple model structures and for simplified material properties: Surface; Dike; Contact; Pizza & Wave..." For more information see Java Applets or the Institut für Geophysik, TU Clausthal GEOTHERMOBAROMETRY CALCULATORS & APPLETS GEOTHERMOBAROMETRY - G. Nichols, Department of Earth Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Geothermobarometry Calculators Calculate: "...pressures and temperatures for garnet-spinel-sillimanite-quartz; cordierite-spinel-sillimanite-quartz; garnet-cordierite-sillimanite-quartz; & garnet-spinel-kyanite-quartz..." For more information see Geoff Nichols Home Page MINERAL THERMOBAROMETRY CALCULATORS & APPLETS PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF MINERAL THERMOBAROMETRY - D. Waters, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, U.K. VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Mineral Thermobarometry includes: "...Microprobe analyses; Mineral groups; Solid solutions; Thermobarometers; Uncertainties; P-T calculations; Phase diagrams; etc..." THERMOCALC "...is a thermodynamic calculation software package for tackling mineral equilibria problems. It has two main components: the application itself, and the internally-consistent thermodynamic dataset it uses..." For more information see Dave Waters Home Page Gravity GRAVITY METER CALCULATORS & APPLETS GRAVITY METER APPLET - P. Alberts, Geophysics Clausthal, Institut für Geophysik, TU Clausthal, Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Germany) Gravity Meter Calculator "...simulates a Lacoste-Romberg Mod D Gravity Meter..." For more information see Java Applets or the Institut für Geophysik, TU Clausthal

Ice Flow, Glaciers & Icebergs GLACIOLOGY, ICE, GLACIERS, ICEBERGS RELATED CENTERS FOR GLACIOLOGY DATABASES & COURSES SEE THE GEOSCIENCE CENTER: GLACIOLOGY FOR PALEOCLIMATOLOGY DATABASES & COURSES SEE THE GEOSCIENCE CENTER: PALEOCLIMATOLOGY GLACIOLOGY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS GLACIER CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ASTER GLACIER FOOTPRINT VIEWER - Planetary GIS Web Server, USGS VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see the Planetary GIS Web Server, USGS ICE CORE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS PALEOCLIMATOLOGY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ICE CORE GATEWAY - NOAA Paleoclimatology Program, National Climate Data Center (NCDC), NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. "...Click on one of the regional maps to launch a java applet which will display detailed maps of ice core data locations, and allow users to display, graph..." For more information see the Paleoclimatology or the National Climate Data Center (NCDC) ICEBERG CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ICEBERGS - National Ice Center, NOAA VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Click on "Product Dissemination". ICEBERG MOTION (QUICKTIME) - Automatic Weather Stations Project (AWS) and Antarctic Meteorological Research Center (AMRC), Space Science and Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin VERY EXTENSIVE. Multimedia Iceberg Teaching Modules (Text, Images, Animations & Videos/Movies). For more information see Automatic Weather Stations Project and Antarctic Meteorological Research Center THE CALVING OF ICEBERGS A-43 AND A-44, RONNE ICE SHELF, ANTARTICA (QUICKTIME) - Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Canada VERY EXTENSIVE. Multimedia Teaching Modules (Text, Images, Animations & Videos/Movies). For more information see Climate change or the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing ICEFLOW CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ICEFLOW: ALPINE GLACIER DYNAMICS (JAVA APPLET) - J. Masek, Climate, Erosion, and Tectonics in the Andes and Other Mountain Systems, Cornell EOS Interdisciplinary Science Investigation, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. "...The ICEFLOW model is based on the Oerlemans (1984) approximation for the dynamics of valley glaciers..." For more information see Climate, Erosion, and Tectonics in the Andes and Other Mountain Systems; Current and Recent Research in Mountain Belt Remote Sensing or the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences

Landslides LANDSLIDE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS DEBRIS FLOW CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS UBCDFLOW FLOW (JAVA APPLET) - R.J. Fannin, Geotechnical Research, Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Canada VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. "...Landslides comprising soil, rock and organic material are referred to as either a debris slide or a debris flow..." "...UBCDFLOW is a new empirical-statistical model for prediction of debris flow travel distance (Fannin and Wise, 2001). It was developed using forensic observations of post-logging landslide activity on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia..." UBCDFLOW Calculator (Debris Flow Calculator) input values include: "...Unconfined Flow, Confined Flow or Transition Flow; Length; Width; Depth; TH Degrees; AZ Degrees..." For more information see Debris Flow - UBCDFLOW; R. Jonathan Fannin's Home Page; Geotechnical Research or the Department of Civil Engineering LANDSLIDE PREDICTION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS FOREST CONSERVATION AND EROSION CONTROL - Department of Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Japan For more information see the Department of Forest and Forest Products Sciences Examples of Landslide Prediction Calculators & Applets include Typhoon Meteorological Condition of Landslide Disasters Applet Typhoon Meteorological Condition of Landslide Disasters Applet is "...designed for the trial prognosis of the meso-scale meteorological condition related to landslide disasters with Typhoons..." Baiu Frontal Precipitation Meteorological Condition of Landslide Disasters Applet Baiu Frontal Precipitation Meteorological Condition of Landslide Disasters Applet is "...designed for the trial prognosis of the meso-scale meteorological condition related to landslide disasters with Typhoons..." Magnetics MAGNETIC CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS 2-D MAGNETICS APPLET (JAVA APPLET) - P. Alberts, Geophysics Clausthal, Institut für Geophysik, TU Clausthal, Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Germany) VERY EXTENSIVE. Magnetics Calculator "...simulates a magnetic survey along an arbitrary orintated profile across a two dimensional subsurface structure of arbitrary strike direction and shape in a vertical cross section..." For more information see Java Applets or the Institut für Geophysik, TU Clausthal PHASE TRANSITIONS IN MAGNETICS: 2D ISING MODEL (JAVA APPLET) - E. Demidov, Department of Semiconductor Physics, Institute for Physics of Microstructures (IPM), Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Russia In English & Russian. VERY EXTENSIVE. "...Magnetic phase transition can be observed in a very simple system. In Ising model interacting spins (magnet vectors) occupy lattice sites. Every spin..." For more information see Phase Transitions; E-notes; Evgeny Demidov's Home Page or the Institute for Physics of Microstructures

Oceanography

Oceanography Courses & Lectures with Calculators, Animations, Audio/Sound Oceanography Tools & Calculators ~ Oceanography Models, Databases & Ocean Atlases Sediment Transport ~ Coastal Inlets ~ Dredging ~ Ocean Waves, Ocean Wave Theory Related Centers Coastal Engineering ~ Marine Biology

Oceanography OCEANOGRAPHY RELATED CENTERS FOR OCEANOGRAPHY & MARINE BIOLOGY COURSES, TEACHING MODULES, ETC. SEE THE GEOSCIENCE CENTER: OCEANOGRAPHY OCEANOGRAPHY COURSES WITH CALCULATORS, ANIMATIONS, AUDIO & SPREADSHEETS (XLS) Undergraduate: Introduction to Oceanography INTRODUCTION TO OCEANOGRAPHY - R.H. Stewart, Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Introduction to Oceanography Chapters include: Role of the Ocean in Climate and Climate Change; El Nino and the Role of the Ocean in Weather; Coastal Problems; Coastal Pollution; etc. For more information see Interdisciplinary Oceanography Textbook; Interdisciplinary Oceanography (OCNG 401) Ocean World or the Department of Oceanography Undergraduate: Physical Oceanography INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY - R.H. Stewart, Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University Multimedia Physical Oceanography Textbook (Text, Images & Animations). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Introduction to Physical Oceanography Chapters include: The Physical Setting; Atmospheric Influences; The Oceanic Heat Budget; Temperature, Salinity, and Density; Equations of Motion With Viscosity; Response of the Upper Ocean to Winds; Deep Circulation in the Ocean; etc..." For more information see Ocean World or the Department of Oceanography AN INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY - M. Tomczak, Earth Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia Multimedia Physical Oceanography Course (Text, Images & Calculators). Examples of Physical Oceanography Lectures include: Properties of Weawater, the Concept of Salinity; The Global Oceanic Heat and Mass (freshwater) budgets; Depth Distribution of Temperature, Salinity and Mutrients; Aspects of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics; Thermohaline Processes, Water Masses; Wave Classification, Dispersion, Wind Waves; Long waves: Tsunamis, Seiches, Internal Waves; etc. For more information see Matthias Tomczak's Website; Earth Sciences or the School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences Examples of online Lectures include Lecture 1: The place of physical oceanography in science Lecture 5: Distribution of temperature and salinity with depth Lecture 9: Wave classification, dispersion, wind waves Granduate Physical Oceanography PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY (OCNG 608) (QUICKTIME) - R.H. Stewart, Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University Multimedia Physical Oceanography Course (Text, Images & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Physical Oceanography Lectures include: "... The Physical Setting and Atmospheric Influences; Oceanic Heat Budgets I & II; Oceanic Heat and Fresh Water Budgets; Measurement of Temperature, Salinity, and Density; Stability in the Ocean; Geostrophic Currents and Satellite Altimetry; Surface Geostrophic Currents; Deep Circulation of the Ocean; etc..." For more information see Ocean World or the Department of Oceanography

OCEANOGRAPY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS OCEAN CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS Basic Oceanography Calcuators & Applets A SEA WATER EQUATION OF STATE CALCULATOR - R. Chapman, Ocean Remote Sensing Group, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Sea Water Equation of State Calculator "...will allow you to compute the UNESCO International Equation of State (IES 80) as described in Fofonoff..." Sea Water Equation of State Calculator input values include: "...Depth; Pressure; Temperature; Conductivity; Salinity; Density..." For more information see Ocean Remote Sensing Group OCEANOGRAPHIC UTILITIES - M. Tomczak, Earth Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Oceanographic Calculators & Graphing Applets include: Density from Temperature, Salinity and Pressure Calculator; Sound speed from Temperature, Salinity and Pressure Calculator; Potential Temperature from In-situ Temperature and Pressure Calculator; Freezing Point of Seawater Calculator; Salinity from Conductivity Ratio Calculator; Salinity from Conductivity, Temperature and Pressure Calculator; Coriolis Frequency Calculator; Distance between Two Positions Calculator; Potential Temperature, Potential Density and Brunt-Väisälä Frequency Calculator with Graphs; Geostrophic Current and Volume Transport Calculator with Graphs; Ocean Currents Calculator with Graphs; Wind and Calculating Wind Stress Data Calculator with Graphs; Co-oscillation Tides and Seiches in Narrow Gulfs and Basins Calculator with Graphs; Designing a Station Plan for an Oceanographic Research Voyage Calculator with Graphs; For more information see An Introduction to Physical Oceanography; Matthias Tomczak's Website or Earth Sciences Some examples from over "15" Oceanographic Calculators & Graphing Applets include Sound Speed Calculator Sound Speed Calculator "...solves the Equation of State of Seawater..." Freezing Point Calculator Freezing Point Calculator "...determines the freezing point of seawater..." Graphing Utility for Geostrophic Currents Graphing Utility for Geostrophic Currents "...calculates and plots the geostrophic current and volume transport between two hydrographic (CTD) stations, relative to the deepest observation..." Graphing Utility for Ocean Currents Graphing Utility for Ocean Currents "...plots self-generated or imported ocean current data in a variety of graphic representations..."

Advanced Oceanography Calcuators & Applets CALCULATION OF ABSORPTION OF SOUND IN SEAWATER - CALCULATOR - National Physical Laboratory (NPL), U.K. VERY EXTENSIVE. Absorption of Sound in Seawater Calculator "...The absorption of sound in seawater forms part of the total transmission loss of sound from a source to a receiver. It depends on the seawater properties, such as temperature, salinity and acidity as well as the frequency of the sound. The details of the underlying physics of absorption are quite complex. Note that the absorption causes only part of the transmission loss. Usually, the major contribution to transmission loss is the spreading of the acoustic wave as it propagates away from the source..." Absorption of Sound in Seawater Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Frequency; Temperature; Depth; Salinity; Acidity..." For more information see Acoustics Technical Guides; Acoustics; Science & Technology or the National Physical Laboratory SPEED OF SOUND IN SEA-WATER - National Physical Laboratory (NPL), U.K. VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Speed of Sound in Sea-Water Calculators include: "...4 Interactive Versions for Speed of Sound; 2 Interactive Versions for Pressure or Depth..." For more information see Acoustics Technical Guides; Acoustics; Science & Technology or the National Physical Laboratory Some examples of Speed of Sound in Sea-Water or Pressure or Depth Calculators include Speed of Sound in Sea-Water Calculator: The International Standard Algorithm (UNESCO equation): Chen and Millero Speed of Sound in Sea-Water Calculator: Del Grosso's equation: Wong and Zhu (An alternative equation to the UNESCO algorithm) Speed of Sound in Sea-Water Calculator: Mackenzie Speed of Sound in Sea-Water Calculator: Coppens Presure to Depth in Sea-Water Calculator: Leroy and Parthiot CO2-SYSTEM CALCULATIONS (SPREADSHEET OPENS ONLINE WITH EXCEL, iWORK-NUMBERS, IBM LOTUS SYMPHONY, NEOOFFICE, OPENOFFICE CALC, ETC.) - E.A. Boyle, Trace Metal Group, Chemical Oceanography, Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate (PAOC), Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (EAPS) VERY EXTENSIVE. CO2-System Calculator "...is designed to calculate carbon system parameters given T, S, P, TotCO2, and Alkalinity inputs...It uses the cubic [H+] simplification of the carbon system, which only applies in the range of natural seawater pH..." For more information see Edward A. Boyle Home Page (Trace Metal Group); Chemical Oceanography; Edward A. Boyle Home Page at PAOC; Program in Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate (PAOC) or the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (EAPS) COMPUTATION OF AQUEOUS METAL SOLUBILITIES USING SPREADSHEET PROGRAMS (SPREADSHEETS OPEN ONLINE WITH EXCEL, iWORK-NUMBERS, IBM LOTUS SYMPHONY, NEOOFFICE, OPENOFFICE CALC, ETC.) - D.A. Vaccari, Department of Civil, Environmental and Coastal Engineering, Charles V. Schaefer, Jr. School of Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology VERY EXTENSIVE. Computation of Aqueous Metal Solubilities Calculators include: "...Lead Solubility Calculator; Copper Solubility Calculator; Ferrous and Ferric Iron Solubility Calculator; Calcium and Magnesium Solubility Calculator; etc..." For more information see David A. Vaccari's Home Page or the Department of Civil, Environmental and Coastal Engineering OCEANIC CALCULATOR - P. Wilde, Berkeley, CA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Oceanic Calculator INPUT values include: "...Temperature; Salinity; Pressure..." Oceanic Calculator OUTPUT values include: Salinity Chemical Properties "...Boron; Bromine; Calcium; etc..." Physicsl Properties "...Activity of Water; Boiling Point; Freezing Point; Specific Alkalinity; etc..." Temperature & Salinity Chemical Properties "...Dissolved Argon; Dissolved Carbon Dioxide; Dissolved Methane; etc..." Physical Properties "...Enthalpy; Heat Capacity; Osmotic Pressure; etc..." Temperature, Salinity & Pressure Chemical Properties "...Borate pK; Carbonate pK1; Calcite pKsp; etc..." Physical Properties "...Adiabatic Gradient; Adiabatic Temperature; Specific Heat; etc..." For more information see Marine Related Interactive Tables, etc.; Pat Wilde's Home Page #2 or Pat Wilde's Home Page #1 OCEANIC CALCULATOR II: CONSERVATIVE, NUTRIENT AND REDOX RELATED ELEMENTS IN SEA WATER - P. Wilde, Berkeley, CA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Oceanic Calculator II INPUT values include: "...Salinity; Phosphate; Silicate; Oxygen..." Oceanic Calculator II OUTPUT values include amounts in Sea Water for the following: "...Lithium; Sodium; Potassium; Rubidium; Cesium; Beryllium; Magnesium; Calcium; Strontium; Barium; Zirconium; Titanium; Vanadium; Molybendum; Chromium; etc..." For more information see Marine Related Interactive Tables, etc.; Pat Wilde's Home Page #2 or Pat Wilde's Home Page #1 OCEANIC CALCULATOR III: OCEANIC VELOCITY FROM STATION DATA CALCULATOR - HELLAND-HANSEN EQUATION - P. Wilde, Berkeley, CA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. "...'Mean' velocity with depth between two hydrographic stations making the depth of no motion assumption and applying the Helland-Hansen equation..." Oceanic Calculator III INPUT values include: "...Latitude f; f*1e=4; Separtation A-B..." Oceanic Calculator OUTPUT values include: "...Station A values; Station B Values; Depth; dp; Mean d; Md*dp; etc..." For more information see Marine Related Interactive Tables, etc.; Pat Wilde's Home Page #2 or Pat Wilde's Home Page #1 OCEANIC VERTICAL REDOX CALCULATOR - P. Wilde, Berkeley, CA VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Oceanic Vertical Redox "...Dissolved Oxygen with depth for Glacial, Inter-Glacial, and Non-Glacial climates. Surface and Deep water D.O and temperature as well as pycnocline thickness variable..." Oceanic Vertical Redox Calculator input values include: "...Desired Values of Dissolved Oxygen in mL/L for the Mixed Layer (Surface) and for the Deep Layer; Depth; Climate: Glacial; Pre-Post Glacial or Non Glacial; etc..." For more information see Marine Related Interactive Tables, etc.; Pat Wilde's Home Page #2 or Pat Wilde's Home Page #1

OCEANOGRAPHY MODELS, DATABASES & OCEAN ATLASES WORLD OCEAN DATABASE AND WORLD OCEAN ATLAS - Ocean Climate Laboratory (OCL), National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. World Ocean Database and World Ocean Atlas Series includes: WODselect: "...The WODselect interface allows a user to search World Ocean Database 2005 using a user-specified search criteria. A distribution map..." World Ocean Database 2005: Geographic and year sorted data World Ocean Atlas 2005: Climatological fields and statistics data files World Ocean Atlas 2005 Figures: Climatological field and statistic figures; etc. For more information see the Ocean Climate Laboratory (OCL) or the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) eWOCE - ELECTRONIC ATLAS OF WOCE DATA - Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) Electronic Atlas of WOCE Data "...permits graphical display and interactive analysis of the data in many different ways. With extensive interactive controls and the capability to add a wide variety of derived quantities, this electronic atlas complements the printed WOCE atlases..." "...An eWOCE Gallery shows more than 350 tracer distributions along sections from the WOCE Hydrographic Program (WHP)..." For more information see the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) OCEAN DATA VIEW (ODV) - Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Ocean Data View (ODV) "...is a software package for the interactive exploration, analysis and visualization of oceanographic and other geo-referenced profile or sequence data..."