MARTINDALE'S CALCULATORS ON-LINE CENTER WEATHER - METEOROLOGY - CLIMATOLOGY (Calculators, Applets, Spreadsheets, and where Applicable includes: Courses, Manuals, Handbooks, Simulations, Animations, Videos, etc.)

US/Pacific: Monday, February 8, 2010 Sydney, Australia: Tuesday, February 9, 2010 File Download Time Calculator Author, E-Mail, Privacy Policy & Disclaimer Currently the Calculators On-Line Center contains over "23,785" Calculators & Spreadsheets, over "3,710" Courses, Lectures, Manuals, Handbooks, & "1,000's" of Movies, Videos, Simulations & Animations

METEROLOGY, CLIMATOLOGY, WEATHER Climatology, Meteorology, etc. Courses, Lectures, etc. Atmosphere & Meteorology Calculators - All Inclusive Weather Balloons ~ Buoy Data ~ Carbon Cycle Carbon Emission & Atmospheric Pollution ~ Climate Dynamics ~ Clouds Drought ~ El Niño & La Niña ~ Global Weather Databases ~ Hurricanes ~ Hydraulic Jumps Lifting CondensationLevels ~ Lightning ~ Marine Weather Ozone Data, Aerosol Index, Single-wavelength UV Irradiance Data, Daily Erythemal UV Exposure, Reflectivity Data, Tropospheric Ozone Data, Volcano Sulfur Dioxide Data Potential Temperature ~ Pressure ~ Radar ~ Sunrise, Sunset & Tide Thunderstorms ~ Tornadoes ~ Tsunamis ~ Wind Chill Atmospheric Chemistry (Courses, Lectures, Databases, Videos, etc.) Chemistry Center (Courses, Lectures, Databases, Calculators, Videos, etc.) Calculators On-Line Center

Meteorology METEOROLOGY DICTIONARIES & GLOSSARIES NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE GLOSSARY - National Weather Service, NOAA Multimedia National Weather Service Glossary (Text & Images). National Weather Service Glossary "...This glossary contains information on more than 2000 terms, phrases and abbreviations used by the NWS. Many of these terms and abbreviations are used by NWS forecasters to communicate between each other and have been in use for many years and before many NWS products were directly available to the public..." For more information see the National Weather Service METEOROLOGY COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC. Meteorology Courses with Calculators, Animations, Simulations, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound METEOROLOGY EDUCATION AND TRAINING (METED) - Meteorology Education & Training (MetEd), University Corporation for Atmospheric Research Multimedia Meteorology Courses (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Registration is Free. Available in English, Spanish/Español, French/Français & Russian. Examples of "Meteorology Education & Training" Courses include Aviation Weather; Climate; Coastal Weather; Convective Weather; Fire Weather; Fog and Low Stratus; Hurricanes/Tropical; Hydrology/Flooding; Marine Met/Oceans; NWP Modeling; Radar Meteorology; Satellite Meteorology; Space Weather; etc..." For more information see the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research PHYSICS OF CLIMATE (FLASH) - W.J. Gutowski, Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University Multimedia Physics of Climate Course (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Physics of Climate" Course Video Lectures include "...Introduction and Zero-Dimensional Energy Balance Models Video Lecture; Climate Sensitivity Video Lecture; Parameterization of Outgoing Infrared Radiation Video Lecture; Parameterization of Albedo Video Lecture; Global Energy Balance Models Video Lecture; One-Dimensional Global Energy Balance Models Video Lecture; Constraints on Dynamical Fluxes Video Lecture; Radiative Heating Video Lecture; etc..." For more information see Physics of Climate Home Page; William J. Gutowski, Jr.'s Home Page or the Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences Introduction to Meteorology Courses with Calculators, Animations, Simulations AIR QUALITY METEOROLOGY - The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. Multimedia Air Quality Meteorology Course (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations & Calculators). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Air Quality Meteorology Course "...The goal of this course is to introduce participants to the basic concepts of meteorology and air quality necessary to understand meteorological computer models..." For more information see Air Quality Meteorology or The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. Examples from "8" "Air Quality Meteorology" Course Chapters include Composition and Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Composition and Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere "...a basic introduction to the composition and vertical structure of the earth's atmosphere. It discusses the classification and origin of the many atmospheric components, including the growing concentrations of atmospheric pollutants and the threats they pose to us and our environment..." Atmospheric Stability Atmospheric Stability "...Sustained vertical motion in the atmosphere can result in turbulent mixing and produce violent storms . In this session we will discuss the characteristics of a stable versus an unstable atmosphere and explore several methods that are used to determine atmospheric stability..." WEATHER SCHOOL (JETSTREAM) - National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Multimedia Weather Course (Text, Images, Animations & Simulations). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. JetStream "...The information contained in JetStream is arranged by subject; beginning with global and large scale weather patterns followed by lessons on air masses, wind patterns, cloud formations, thunderstorms, lightning, hail, damaging winds, tornados, tropical storms, cyclones and flooding. Interspersed in JetStream are "Learning Lessons" which can be used to enhance the educational experience..." Examples of the National Weather Service's "Weather School" Course Subject Categories include "...The Atomosphere; The Ocean; Global Circulations; Synoptic Meteorology; Thunderstorms; Lightning; Tropical Weather; Remote Sensing; etc..." For more information see JetStream - Online School for Weather Home Pages or the National Weather Service

METEOROLOGY LESSONS WITH CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS METEOROLOGY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CLIMATOLOGY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS WEATHER CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ATMOSPHERE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS Weather & Climate Lessons with Calculators & Applets WEATHER WISE: WEATHER EDUCATION APPLETS - S. Ackerman & T. Whittaker, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, Space Science & Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin Multimedia Weather Lessons (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations & Applets). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see the Weather & Climate Home Page; AOS Courses; Weather & Climate Home Page or Weather Wise Some examples from over "30" Weather Calculators, Applets & Simulations include Precipitation Applet Thunderstorm Applet Thermodiagram Applet: what it takes to make a thundershower Snowflake Applet: Make snowflakes using different crystals Altimeter Applet: Practice setting your altimeter Contour Analysis Applet METEOROLOGY: UNDERSTANDING THE ATMOSPHERE (JAVA APPLETS) - T. Whittaker & S. Ackerman, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, Space Science & Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin Multimedia Meteorology Lessons (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations & Applets). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere or WeatherWise Examples from over "30" Meteorology Calculators, Applets & Simulations include Correcting Surface Pressure Calculator Radiant Energy Curves Applet Identifying Air Massess Applet Contrails Applet INTRODUCTORY METEOROLOGY MODULES (JAVA APPLETS) - G.J. Carbonee, Department of Geography, College of Liberal Arts, University of South Carolina Multimedia Meteorology Lessons (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations & Applets). VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Geography 202: Introduction to Weather and Climate - Lab; G.J. Carbone's Home Page or the Department of Geography Examples of "Meteorology" Lessons with Animations & Simulations include Earth-Sun Geometry Applet Longwave Radiation Applet Saturation Vapor Pressure Applet Weather Calculators & Applets - All Inclusive THE WEATHER CALCULATOR - T. Brice & T. Hall, El Paso Area, Southern Region Headquarters, National Weather Service, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see El Paso Area or the Southern Region Headquarters Some examples from over "19" Weather Calculators include Temperature Conversions: Heat Index Calculator Heat Index Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Temperature; Relative Humidity..." Moisture Conversions: Vapor Pressure Calculator Vapor Pressure Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Air Temperature; Dewpoint..." Vapor Pressure Calculator output values include: "...Saturated Vapor Pressure; Actual Vapor Pressure; Relative Humidity..." Moisture Conversions: Mixing Ratio Calculator Mixing Ratio Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Air Temperature; Dewpoint; Station Pressure..." Pressure Conversions: Altimeter Setting Calculator Altimeter Setting Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Station Elevation; Station Pressure..." Showalter Index - Calculator Showalter Index Calculator INPUT Values include: "...500 Millibar Parcel Temperature; 500 Millibar Environmental Temperature..." Wind Speed Conversion Wind Speed Conversion Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Wind Speed (mph, knots, m/sec, ft/sec, km/h)..." WEATHER CALCULATORS - Milt Kooyman, SAIC, Shaw OWS, Det 1, 18th, Weather Squadron, U.S. Army Transportation Service, Fort Eustis, Virginia VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Weather Calculators include: "...Distance Conversion Calculator; Speed Conversion Calculator; Pressure Conversion Calculator; Surface: Cross Wind Calculator, Head Wind Calculator, Tail Wind Calculator; Flight Level: Cross Wind Calculator, Head Wind Calculator, Tail Wind Calculator; Relative Humidity Calculator; Heat Stress Index Calculator; Height and Temperature D-Val Calculator; etc..." For more information see Det 1, 18th, Weather Squadron TEMPERATURE, DEWPOINT OR RELATIVE HUMIDITY CALCULATOR - B.D. McNoldy, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University For more information see Research; Brian D. McNoldy's Home Page or the Department of Atmospheric Science Air Density Calculators & Applets AIR DENSITY AND DENSITY ALTITUDE CALCULATORS - R. Shelquist, Longmont, Colorado VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Density Altitude "...The density altitude is the altitude at which the density of the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is the same as the density of the air being evaluated. (The Standard Atmosphere is simply a mathematical model of the atmosphere which is standardized so that predictable calculations can be made.). So, the basic idea of calculating density altitude is to calculate the actual density of the air, and then find the altitude at which that same air density occurs in the Standard Atmosphere. Air Density Calculators & Density Altitude Calculators include: "...Saturated Vapor Press Calculator; Density Altitude Calculator; Virtual Temperature Calculator; Altimeter Setting to Actual Pressure Calculator; etc..." For more information see Calculators or Richard Shelquist Home Page Air Density Calculators & Density Altitude Calculators include Density Altitude Calculator - Using Dew Point Density Altitude Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Altitude; Air Temperature; Altimeter Setting; Dew Point..." Density Altitude Calculator - Using Relative Humidity Density Altitude Calculator - Using Relative Humidity INPUT Values include: "...Altitude; Air Temperature; Altimeter Setting; Relative Humidity..." Atmosphere Calculators & Applets ATMOSPHERIC PROPERTIES CALCULATOR - Aerospaceweb.org VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Atmospheric Properties Calculator "...computes conditions of the atmosphere, airspeed conversions, and basic aerodynamic quantities on a reference body. The calculator is based on methods documented in the official U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976. This version includes the lower atmosphere below an altitude of 53.4 miles (86 km)..." Atmospheric Properties Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Unit System; Altitude; Temperature Increment; Velocity; Reference Length..." Atmospheric Properties Calculator OUTPUT Values include: "...Geometric Altitude; Geopotential Altitude; Acceleration of Gravity; Mean Molecular Weight; Kinetic Temperature; Molecular Temperature; Pressure; Density; Dynamic Viscosity; Kinematic Viscosity; Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity; Pressure Scale Height; Airspeed; Equivalent Airspeed; Airspeed Compressibility Correction; Compressible Dynamic Pressure; etc..." For more information see Aerospace Calculators; Aerospace Design or Aerospaceweb.org ATMOSPHERE COMPUTATION: STANDARD - Aircraft Aerodynamics and Design Group, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University VERY EXTENSIVE. Standard Atmosphere Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Altitude; Speed; Reference Length..." Standard Atmosphere Calculator OUTPUT values include: "...Temperature; Density; Pressure; Speed of Sound; Viscosity; Mach Number; Dynamic Pressure; Critical Cp; Vacuum Cp; Reynolds Number; Laminar Cf; Turbulent Cf..." For more information see Aircraft Aerodynamics and Design Group, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University ATMOSPHERE COMUTATION - S. Dartevelle, Granular Volcano Group VERY EXTENSIVE. Standard Atmosphere Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Altitude; Speed; Reference Length..." Standard Atmosphere Calculator OUTPUT Values include: "...Temperature; Density; Mach Number; Dynamic Pressure; Critical Cp; Vacuum Cp; Laminar Cf; Turbulent Cf; etc..." For more information see the Granular Volcano Group ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION PARAMETER CALCULATOR - B. Markham, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. tmospheric Correction Parameter Calculator "...Enter the parameters for which you wish calculate atmospheric transmission and upwelling radiance..." Atmospheric Correction Parameter Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Year; Month; Day; GMT Hour & Minute; Latitude & Longitude; Use atmospheric profile for closest integer lat/long or Use interpolated atmospheric profile for given lat/long; Use mid-latitude summer standard atmosphere for upper atmospheric profile or Use mid-latitude winter standard atmosphere for upper atmospheric profile; Use Landsat-7 Band 6 spectral response curve; etc..." For more information see the Goddard Space Flight Center ATMOSPHERE SIMULATOR (JAVA APPLET) - K.D. Forbus, Qualitative Reasoning Group, Institute for Learning Sciences, Northwestern University VERY EXTENSIVE. Atmosphere Simulator includes "...Atmosphere Temperature; Solar Radiation; Earth's Surface; Cloud Model & CO2 in Atmosphere..." For more information see Simulations or Self-Explanatory Simulators; Software or the Qualitative Reasoning Group

Weather Balloons WEATHER COURSES, LECTURES, MANUALS, LESSONS, ETC. WEATHER BALLOON CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS PIBAL FLIGHT CALCULATOR PILOT BALLOON FLIGHT CALCULATOR - Martin Brenner, Director of Technology, College of the Arts, California State University Long Beach (CSULB) Multimedia Pilot Ballon Lessons, Databases, Calculators, etc. (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Pilot Balloon - Flight Calculator "...Observations of pilot balloons are made for the purpose of determining wind direction and velocity at various altitudes. The procedures for setup, operation and data reduction of a single theodolite station are covered in the following sections. Observations are made by following the ascent of a small rubber helium or hydrogen filled balloon with a balloon theodolite. The balloon is inflated with an amount of helium or hydrogen so as to rise at a known rate. The light weight versus size of the balloons allows them to be transported by, and accurately reflect the speed and direction of the winds present at the altitudes that they climb through..." Pilot Balloon Flight Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Azimuth; Magnetic Variation; Ascent Rate; Direction; Speed; Height; Theodolite Readings in 3 columns; TIME, AZIMUTH & ELEVATION..." For more information see Instructions for Making and Processing Data from Pilot Balloon Observations; Pilot Weather Balloon (Pibal) Optical Theodolites - Equipment - Operations and Related information; Pibal Theodolites Web Resource or Martin Brenner's, Pilot Balloon Resources Buoy Data REAL-TIME BUOY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS BUOY DATA IN REAL-TIME - COASTAL U.S., NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC, COASTAL CANADA, CARIBBEAN, COASTAL EUROPE, ETC. - National Data Buoy Center, National Weather Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Buoy Data Database includes Current Conditions & Previous Observations for: "...Wind Direction (WDIR); Wind Speed (WSPD); Wind Gust (GST); Wave Height (WVHT); Dominant Wave Period (DPD); Average Period Average Period (APD); Atmospheric Pressure (PRES); Pressure Tendency (PTDY); Air Temperature (ATMP); Water Temperature (WTMP); Wind Chill (CHILL)..." For more information see the National Weather Center Carbon Cycle CARBON CYCLE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SHORT TERM CARBON CYCLE - The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. VERY EXTENSIVE. Short Term Carbon Cycle Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Initial value of the atmosphere; Initial value of the terrestrial biosphere; Initial value of the deep ocean; Value of the deforestation flow; Step Time; Initial value of the surface ocean; Initial value of the soil carbon and detritus; etc..." For more information see The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. Carbon Emission & Atmospheric Pollution CARBON EMISSIONS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CO2 CALCULATOR - Global Environment Information Centre, Japan CO2 Calculator is based on the ChoCO2 studies of GEIC, which calculate CO2 emissions from everyday Japanese electrical appliances and automobiles based on energy consumption figures..." CO2 Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Air-conditioner usage per day; TV usage per day; Refrigerator & Stove usage per day; etc..." For more information see Global Environment Information Centre ENERGY TO CARBON DIOXIDE CONVERTER - National Energy Foundation, U.K. Energy to Carbon Dioxide Calculator INPUT Values include: Amount of: kWh Electricity; kWh Natural Gas; Therms Natural Gas; Litres Gasoil or Diesel; Litres of Petrol; Litres of LPG; Tonnes of Coal; etc..." For more information see National Energy Foundation CLIMATE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CLIMATE CHANGE CALCULATOR - American Forests Organization, Washington D.C. VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Climate Change Calculator "...How many trees do you need to plant to offset your carbon emissions?..." Climate Change Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Residential Power Consumption (Electricit, Oil, Natural Gas, etc.); Garbage; Automobile Milage; Air Travel Milage; etc..." Climate Change Calculator OUTPUT Values include: "...CO2 Emissions; Number of Trees Needed or Offset Carbron Emissions..." For more information see American Forests Organization GAUSSIAN PLUME CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS GAUSSIAN PLUME MODEL - CALCULATOR - The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. VERY EXTENSIVE. Gaussian Plume Model Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Height of the Stack; Diameter of the Stack; Emission Rate; Exit Velocity of the Gas; Temperature of the Exiting Gas; Ambient Temperature of the Air; Atmospheric Conditions; etc..." For more information see Environmental Models; Master Tools or The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. GREENHOUSE GAS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS PERSONAL EMISSION CALCULATOR - GREENHOUSE GAS CALCULATOR - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S. Government Personal Emissions Calculator "...Use this online calculator to obtain an estimate of your personal greenhouse gas emissions or your family’s greenhouse gas emissions. Then move on to the next section of the calculator to explore actions you and/or your family can take to lower your emissions while..." Greenhouse Gas Calculator INPUT Values include: "...How many people live in your home; How do you heat your house; How many miles do you put on your cars; Average gas mileage for your cars; Average monthly gas bill; Average monthly electric bill; etc..." For more information see the Environmental Protection Agency VEHICLE POLLUTION CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS VEHICLE EMISSIONS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS VEHICLE FUEL CONSUMTPION & VEHICLE EMISSIONS - Environmental Technology Centre/ Centre de Technologie Environnementale, Environment Canada, Canada VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Pollution Calculations Forms; Databases & Software or the Environmental Technology Centre/Centre de Technologie Environnementale

Climate Analysis & Dynamics CLIMATE ANALYSIS & DYNAMICS DATABASES, CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ETC. CLIMATE & WEATHER DATABASES - Physical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. GFDL Databases include: "...PSD Gridded Climate Datasets; Air Sea Flux Datasets; Real-Time Wind Profiler Data; Wind Profiler Database; etc..." For more information see the Physical Sciences Division; Earth System Research Laboratory or the Climate Diagnostics Center Clouds CLOUD CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS AIR CLOUD TOP TEMPERATURE - S. Ackerman, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, Space Science & Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin For more information see Interactive Weather Modeling Applets; Weather & Climate Home Page; AOS Courses or the Weather & Climate Home Page CLOUD ALTITUDE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CLOUD ALTITUDE CALCULATOR - Umidita atmosferica e formazione delle nubi, Italy Cloud Altitude Calculator "...is based on the assumption that the air temperature drops 9.84 degrees C per 1000 m of altitude and the dewpoint drops 1.82 degrees C per 1000 meters altitude..." Cloud Altitude Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Temperature & Distance Unit; Air Temperature; Dew Point..." For more information see Umidita atmosferica e formazione delle nubi CUMULUS CLOUD CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CUMULUS CLOUD APPLET - S. Ackerman, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, Space Science & Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin Cumulus Cloud Calculator: "...To determine the height of the base of any cumulus cloud that might form due to convection, simply adjust the temperature and dew point sliders..." For more information see Weather Wise: Weather Education Applets or the Weather & Climate Home Page Drought DROUGHT CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS U.S.: DROUGHT TERMINATION AND AMELORATION DROUGHT CALCULATOR: DROUGHT TERMINATION AND AMELORATION - J. Lawrimore, National Climatic Data Center, NOAA VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) & Palmer Hydrological Drought Index (PHDI) Drought Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Type of Drought Reduction; Duration in Months; etc..." For more information see NOAA's Drought Information Center; Climate Monitoring; Climate/Weather Events or National Climatic Data Center El Niño & La Niña EL NIÑO & LA NIÑA DATABASES, CALCULATORS & ANIMATIONS REAL-TIME DATA OF TAO (TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE OCEAN ARRAY IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN) EL NIÑO TEMPERATURES (3D) (JAVA APPLET) - The Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) Project, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) "...Real-time data from moored ocean buoys for improved detection, understanding and prediction of El Niño and La Niña..." For more information see The Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) Project or the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA CURRENT ANIMATIONS OF EL NIÑO - Physical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA VERY EXTENSIIVE. For more information see CDC Map Room or the Physical Sciences Division EL NIÑO THEME PAGE - Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIIVE. El Niño Theme Page includes: "...El Niño & La Niña Forecasts; Realtime Data, Products and Analyses; List of Impacts and Prediction Benefits; 3D Animation of El Ni�o Temperatures; etc..." For more information see Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Global Weather GLOBAL WEATHER RELATED CENTERS SEE REAL-TIME GLOBAL WEATHER DATABASES AT THE GLOBAL DAILY REPORTS GLOBAL WEATHER DATABASES CLIMATE DIAGNOSTICS CENTER (CDC) CLIMATE RESEARCH DATA AND RESOURCES - - Physical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, NOAA Multimedia Climate Databases (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Physical Sciences Division INTERACTIVE GLOBAL GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE IMAGES - Earth System Science Division, NASA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see The Global Hydrology and Climate Center, NASA or Earth System Science Division INTERNATIONAL SATELLITE (WORLD WEATHER MAP) - Aaviation Weather, National Weather Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see National Weather Center NCDC CLIMATE DATA WORLD WIDE (CURRENT & HISTORICAL DATA) - National Climatic Data Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see the View Climatic Data Online or the National Climatic Data Center PALEOCLIMATOLOGY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS PALEOCLIMATOLOGY DATA - INTERACTIVE - NOAA Paleoclimatology Program, National Climate Data Center (NCDC), NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see NOAA Paleoclimatology Program or the National Climate Data Center (NCDC) Examples of Paleoclimatology Databases include Tree-Ring Data Pollen Data Paleoclimate Model Paleocean Data Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) and the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) REALTIME TAO BUOY CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS REALTIME TAO BUOY DATA DISPLAY - Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see The Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) Array or the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, NOAA Examples of other Online Interactive Databases include TAO Buoy Data Delivery TAO Time Series Data Selection TAO Climatologies

Hurricanes HURRICANE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS NHC/TPC ARCHIVES OF PAST HURRICANE - Tropical Prediction Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Hurricanes "...The National Hurricane Center's Tropical Cyclone Reports (formerly called Preliminary Reports) contain comprehensive information on each storm, including synoptic history, meteorological statistics, casualties and damages, and the post-analysis best track..." For more information see the Tropical Prediction Center NATIONAL HURRICAN CENTER - Tropical Prediction Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. HURRICANE MODELLING APPLET - S. Ackerman, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, Space Science & Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin VERY EXTENSIVE. Hurricane Modelling "...The model assumes that changes in the tangential velocity near the surface and the average tropospheric temperature are related to the change in pressure. The model also assumes..." For more information see Weather Wise: Weather Education Applets or the Weather & Climate Home Page HURRICANE SCALE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS DVORAK CURRENT INTENSITY CHART & SAFFIR-SIMPSON HURRICAN SCALE - Satellite Services Division (SSD), National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), NOAA Multimedia Dvorak Current Intensity Chart & Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale (Text & Images). For more information see Text Products; Products & Services or the Satellite Services Division (SSD) DVORAK HURRICANE INTENSITY SCALE - C. Landsea, Hurricane Research Division (HRD), Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), NOAA Multimedia Dvorak Hurricane Intensity Scale (Text & Images). Dvorak Hurricane "...Utilizing the current satellite picture of a tropical cyclone, one matches the image versus a number of possible pattern types: Curved band Pattern, Shear Pattern, Eye Pattern, Central Dense Overcast (CDO) Pattern, Embedded Center Pattern or Central Cold Cover Pattern. If infrared satellite imagery is available for Eye Patterns (generally the pattern seen for hurricanes, severe tropical cyclones and typhoons), then the scheme utilizes..." For more information see Tropical Cyclone Observation; FAQ; Hurricane Research Division (HRD) or the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) SAFFIR-SIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE - National Hurrican Center Multimedia Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale (Text & Images). Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale "...is a 1-5 rating based on the hurricane's present intensity. This is used to give an estimate of the potential property damage and flooding expected along the coast from a hurricane landfall..." For more information see the National Hurrican Center Hydraulic Jumps HYDRAULIC JUMPS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS FLOW PROPERTIES OF HORIZONTAL RECTANGULAR CHANNEL HYDRAULIC JUMPS CALCULATOR - B.D. McNoldy, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University VERY EXTENSIVE. Flow Properties of Horizontal Rectangular Channel Hydraulic Jumps Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Flow Rate; Channel Width; Upstream Depth..." Flow Properties of Horizontal Rectangular Channel Hydraulic Jumps Calculator OUTPUT Values include: "...Downstream Depth; Depth Ratio; Upstream Velocity; Downstream Velocity; Velocity Ratio; Upstream Froude Number; Downstream Froude Number; Froude Number Ratio..." For more information see Research; Brian D. McNoldy's Home Page or the Department of Atmospheric Science Lifting Condensation Levels LIFTING CONDENSATION LEVEL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS LIFTING CONDENSATION LEVEL (LCL) CALCULATOR - The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. Lifting Condenstation Level Calculator - LCL calculator "...Though this LCL calculator was designed to calculate the lifting condensation level (LCL) for a parcel of air lifted from the surface, you may substitute values appropriately to calculate the LCL conditions for an air parcel at any other pressure level..." Lifting Condenstation Level Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Surface Temperature; Surface Dew Point; Surface Pressure..." For more information see Measures of the Atmosphere; Interactive Media & Simulations or The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. Lightning LIGHTNING CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS: GLOBAL LIGHTNING DISTRIBUTION GLOBAL LIGHTNING DISTRIBUTIONS - Lightning & Atmospheric Electricity Research, Global Hydrology and Climate Center (GHCC), NASA Multimedia Global Lightning Distribution Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Global Lightning Distributions "...Lightning Imaging Sensor data is processed daily. The browse products are GIF images showing a graphical representation of the LIS orbit data for each day. Quality Control steps are taken on daily files and are released one month at a time. The QC steps produce some delay in the release of the data..." For more information see Dataset Information or Lightning & Atmospheric Electricity Research Marine Weather MARINE WEATHER SCALES MARINE WEATHER SCALES - Marine Waypoints Marine Wearther Scales include: "...Beaufort Wind Scale; Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale; Dvorak Current Intensity Chart (Dvorak Hurricane Intensity Scale); Wind Warnings; Fujita Tornado Scale..." For more information see Marine Waypoints MARINE WEATHER CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS INTERNATIONAL SATELLITE (WORLD WEATHER MAP) - Aaviation Weather, National Weather Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see National Weather Center CURRENT MARINE WEATHER WORLD WIDE - Ocean Weather VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Marine Wearther includes: "...Significant Wave Height with Wave Direction; Marine Ovservations & Model Pressures; Sea Surface Temperature..." For more information see Ocean Weather AUSTRALIA MARINE WEATHER - Bureau of Meteorology, Commonwealth of Australia VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Australia Marine Weather Databases include: "...Tides; Sea Level; Tsunami Alerts; Ocean Temperature; Wave Heights; Forecasts; etc..." For more information see the Bureau of Meteorology METEOROLOGY, OCENAOGRAPHY & TROPICAL APPS WEATHER DATABASES - Fleet Numerical Meteorlogy and Oceanography Center, Department of Defense VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Meteorology, Oceanography & Tropical Databases include: Meteorology Databases "...MyWxmap; WXMap; Coverage; EFS (Gale Probability, Percipitation Probability, etc.); EFS Plumes;..." Oceanography Databases "...WW3; WW3 Ensmeble; NCODA (Sea Surface Temperature, SST Anomaly, SST Climatology); etc..." Tropical Apps Databases "...TC Web & TC Tracts..." For more information see the Fleet Numerical Meteorlogy and Oceanography Center TODAY'S SEAWINDS - WINDS, JPL, NASA VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Today's Seawinds "...The 'overlays' combine the cloud imagery from several geosynchronous satellites with SeaWinds scatterometry..." For more information see WINDS

Ozone Data, Aerosol Index, Single-wavelength UV Irradiance Data, Daily Erythemal UV Exposure, Reflectivity Data, Tropospheric Ozone Data, Volcano Sulfur Dioxide Data OZONE DATABASES, CALCULATORS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS AEROSON INDEX, ERYTHEMAL UV EXPOSURE DATA, VOLCANO SULFUR DIOXIDE DATA, ETC. OZONE ANALYSIS: TODAY'S OZONE FROM EARTH PROBE TOMS - Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) Maps and Data "...You can now access the current Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) aerosol, ozone, and reflectivity data from their respective product pages using the drop-down menus on these pages. Also, the "Ozone Over Your House" page can now be used with current OMI ozone data..." For more information see TOMS or the Goddard Space Flight Center OZONE ISOPLETH PLOTTING PROGRAM & OZONE MODELING OZONE ISOPLETH PLOTTING PROGRAM (OZIP) - The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Ozone Isopleth Plotting Calculator INPUT Values include: Mechanism set to use: "...Carbon-Bond Mechanism IV or Regional Acid Deposition Model (RADM) mechanism..." Boundary Conditions "...Fraction of NO2/NOx; O3 Aloft; VOC Aloft; etc..." Meteorological Conditions; Emissions Inventories; Calculation Options; etc. For more information see EKMA/OZIP Model Tools; Welcome to EKMA/OZIP or The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. OZONE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS WHAT IS THE TOTAL COLUMN OZONE AMOUNT OVER YOUR HOUSE? TODAY-YESTERDAY - CALCULATOR - TOMS Project, NASA Ozone Amount over Your House "...This value is the total column ozone amount, NOT the amount of ozone that causes smog (and that you hear about from your local weatherman)..." Ozone Amount over Your House Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Latitude; Longitude; Day; Month; Year..." For more information see the TOMS Project, NASA Potential Temperature POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CALCULATING POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE - The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. Potential Temperature Calculator "...Because the actual temperature and virtual temperature of an individual parcel is continuously changing as the air moves from one pressure level to another, meteorologists often refer to the potential temperature of a parcel of air..." Potential Temperature Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Temperature; Pressure Level..." For more information see Measures of the Atmosphere; Interactive Media & Simulations or The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. Pressure SEA LEVEL PRESSURE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS COMPUTING SEA LEVEL PRESSURE - The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. VERY EXTENSIVE. Sea Level Pressure Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Surface Pressure; Gravity; Surface Elevation; Average Virtual Temperature of Layer..." For more information see Interactive Media & Simulations or The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. PRESSURE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS PRESSURE CONVERTER CALCULATOR - The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. VERY EXTENSIVE. Pressure Converter Calculator "...Most (though not all) land surfaces are at some elevation above sea level. Just inland, near the coast, the elevation may be less than a meter above sea level, while the surface of mountainous regions may be thousands of meters above sea level. In this equation, the sea level pressure is the theoretical pressure the air would have if..." Pressure Converter Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Elevation, in Meters above Sea Level (mASL), of the Pressure Observation; Elevation (mASL) of the Modeling Site Temperature Measurement; etc..." For more information see Interactive Media & Simulations or The Shodor Education Foundation, Inc. Radar RADAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS RADAR ANTENNA CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS RADAR ANTENNA CALCULATOR (ANTCALC) - I. Harre, Bremen, Germany VERY EXTENSIVE. Radar Antenna Calculator "..."How does a particular radar antenna perform"? The Radar Antenna Calculator provided on this page helps to find answers..." Radar Antenna Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Radar Frequency; Antenna Width; Horizontal Beamwidth; Vertical Beamwidth; Antenna Gain; etc..." Also includes a table that "...shows some data representative for radar antennas used aboard ships or ashore..." For more information see Radar or Ingo Harre's Home Page RADAR BEAMWIDTH CALCULATORS & APPLETS RADAR BEAM PROPERTY CALCULATOR & APPLETS BEAMWIDTH CALCULATOR - BEAM PROPERTY CALCULATOR - Warning Decision Training Branch (WDTB), National Weather Service (NWS), NOAA VERY EXTENSIVE. Beamwidth Calculator "...When analyzing radar data, it is often helpful to know the height of the radar volume...This applet provides a simpler way to get this information. In addition to providing the user the beam center height, it also provides the beam top height, beam bottom height, and the beam width..." Beamwidth Calculator (Beam Property Calculator) INPUT Values include: "...Elevation Angle; Range; Units (English or Metric)..." For more information see Resources or the Warning Decision Training Branch RADAR BOUNDARY-RELATIVE SPEED CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS BOUNDARY-RELATIVE SPEED CALCULATOR - Warning Decision Training Branch (WDTB), National Weather Service (NWS), NOAA VERY EXTENSIVE. Boundary-Relative Speed Calculator "...was created to give forecasters an easy way to use the proposed schematic diagram in an operational environment..." Boundary-Relative Speed Calculator "...uses three input variables (cell speed, cell direction, and boundary speed; all speeds in m s-1) to compute the boundary-relative velocity at points all along the circular boundary..." For more information see Resources or the Warning Decision Training Branch RADAR 'FREE-SPACE RANGE' CALCULATORS & SPREADSHEETS (XLS) RADAR FREE-SPACE RANGE CALCULATOR (SPREADSHEET OPENS ONLINE WITH EXCEL, iWORK-NUMBERS, IBM LOTUS SYMPHONY, NEOOFFICE, OPENOFFICE CALC, ETC.) - I. Harre, Bremen, Germany VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Radar Free-Space Range Calculator "...The free-space range of a radar system is the maximum range determined from the parameters of a radar system (antenna and transmitter/receiver combination)..." Radar Free-Space Range Calculator INPUT Values include: Radar Antenna "...Beamwidth (Azimuth & Elevation); Polarisation; Gain; RPM; etc..." Radar Transmitter/Receiver "...Frequency; Wavelength; Peak Power; Pulse Width; etc..." Target "...Radar Cross Section; False Alarm Rate Exponent; etc..." Also includes "...Radar Cross Section (Ship RCS Tables, IALA RCS Tables, etc.); NAVGEN Algorithm to determine 2D Position Fixing Errors; etc..." For more information see Radar or Ingo Harre's Home Page RADAR HORIZON CALCULATORS & APPLETS RADAR HORIZON CALCULATOR (HORCALC) - I. Harre, Bremen, Germany VERY EXTENSIVE. Radar Horizon Calculator is "...a calculator to determine the radar horizon and the target visibility range..." Radar Horizon Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Height of radar antenna; Target height..." For more information see Radar or Ingo Harre's Home Page

Sunrise, Sunset & Tide SUNRISE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SUNSET CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SUN CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MOON PHASE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS LUNAR ECLIPSE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ASTRONOMICAL DATA CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ASTRONOMICAL CALCULATORS & TABLES - United States Naval Observatory (USNO) VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Astronomical Applications "...computes, from fundamental astronomical reference data, the position, brightness, and other observable characteristics of celestial bodies, as well as the circumstances of astronomical phenomena. This information is of critical importance to navigation, military operations planning, scientific research, surveying, accident reconstruction, architecture, and everyday activities..." For more information see Astronomical Applications or the United States Naval Observatory (USNO) Examples from over "20" Astronomical Calculators & Tables include Duration of Daylight/Darkness Table for One Year Duration of Daylight Table "...provides, for each calendar date, the total time that any portion of the Sun is above the horizon..." Duration of Darkness Table "...provides, for each calendar date, the total time that the entire Sun is below the horizon..." Sun and Moon Data for One Day Sun and Moon Data for One Day "...obtain the times of sunrise, sunset, moonrise, moonset, transits of the Sun and Moon, and the beginning and end of civil twilight, along with..." Lunar Eclipse Computer Lunar Eclipse Computer "...The table of local circumstances gives the local time of each eclipse "event" that is visible from the location..." SUN, MOON AND EARTH (JAVA APPLET) - J. Giesen English & German/Deutsch. VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Sun, Moon & Earth Calculator "...displays the positions of the Sun and Moon on the horizon for any date, time and location, and on a world map with day and night regions. The times of rise and setting,..." For more information see GeoAstro Applets; Astro Applets; Astronomy and related stuff or Juergen Giesen's Physik und Astronomie Examples from over "20" GeoAstro Calculators & Applets include Sun Plotter Applet Analemma Sundial Applet Sun position (polar coordinates) Applet SOLAR POSITION CALCULATOR - C. Cornwall, A. Horiuchi & C. Lehman, Surface Radiation Research Branch (SRRB), Air Resources Laboratory, NOAA VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Solar Calculators or the Surface Radiation Research Branch PHOTOPERIOD CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS PHOTOPERIOD CALCULATOR: COMPUTATION OF DAYLENGTHS, SUNRISE/SUNSET TIMES, TWILIGHT AND LOCAL NOON - J. Lammi, Finland VERY EXTENSIVE. Photoperiod Calculator OUTPUT Values include "...Daylength; Begin of Nautical Twilight; Begin of Civil Twilight; Sunrise Time; Sunset Time; End of Civil Twilight; End of Nautical Twilight; Maximum Height Angle; Declination of Sun; Sun Altitude & Azimuth; Solar power at Noon; For more information see J. Lammi's Home Page SUN'S ANGLE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SUN ANGLE CALCULATOR - C. Gronbeck, Sustainable By Design VERY EXTENSIVE. Sun Angle Calculator "...calculates a number of solar angles based on location, date, and time. It is useful in building design..." For more information see Tools or Sustainable By Design SUN'S PATH CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SUN PATH CALCULATOR (SHOCKWAVE) - C. Gronbeck, Sustainable By Design VERY EXTENSIVE. Sun Path Calculator "...displays the path of sun in the sky. It can be used to graphically determine solar altitude and azimuth angles; it's also a general educational.." For more information see Tools or Sustainable By Design SUNRISE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SUNSET CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SUNRISE - SUNSET CALCULATOR - GMD-Radiation Group (G-Rad), NOAA/ESRL Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), NOAA VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Sunrise Calculator - Sunset Calculator includes "...Equation of Time; Solar Declination; Apparent Sunrise; Solar Noon; Apparent Sunset..." For more information see GMD-Radiation Group (G-Rad); Global Monitoring Division or the Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), NOAA SUNRISE - SUNSET (JAVA APPLET) - Pangolin Communications, Auckland, New Zealand Sunrise Calculator - Sunset Calculator includes: "...Sun Rise & Set; Civil Twilight & Nautical Twilight..." For more information see Alamanac On-line or Pangolin Communications SUNRISE - SUNSET CALCULATOR FOR AM STATIONS IN THE U.S. - D. Bickel, Audio Services Division, Mass Media Bureau, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Sunrise Calculator - Sunset Calculator for AM Stations in the U.S.: "...These values are important to those AM stations who must reduce power, cease operations, or change to directional operation during the nighttime hours, as well as the stations protected by the changed operation..." For more information see Radio Tools or the Audio Services Division TIDE CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS TIDE AND CURRENT PREDICTOR (U.S., CANADA, PACIFIC ISLANDS, JAPAN & NEARBY SITES) - WWW Interface by Dean Pentcheff, Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina "...Harmonic tide and current speed predictor..." TIDE PREDICTIONS U.S. BY STATES - Tides Online, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, National Ocean Service, NOAA For more information see Tides Online TIDE PREDICTIONS FOR AUSTRALIA, SOUTH PACIFIC AND ANTARCTICA - Bureau of Meteorology, Commonwealth of Australia For more information see the Bureau of Meteorology Thunderstorms THUNDERSTORM CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SHOWALTER INDEX CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS SHOWALTER INDEX - CALCULATOR - T. Brice & T. Hall, El Paso Area, Southern Region Headquarters, National Weather Service, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Showalter Index Calculator is "...a measure of thunderstorm potential and severity..." Showalter Index Calculator INPUT Values include: "...500 millibar Parcel Temperature; 500 millibar Environmental Temperature..." For more information see The Weather Calculator; El Paso Area or the Southern Region Headquarters SERVERITY OF THUNDERSTORM EVENT CALCULATORS & APPLETS FORECAST EQUATION TO PREDICT THE SERVERITY OF THUNDERSTORM EVENT - B.D. McNoldy, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University Predict the Severity of Thunderstorm Event Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Convective Available Potential Energy; Maximum Wind Speed in Sounding; Energy-Helicity Index; Storm Speed; Storm-relative Helicity..." For more information see Research; Brian D. McNoldy's Home Page or the Department of Atmospheric Science Tornadoes TORNADO CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ENHANCED FUJITA SCALE CALCULATORS & DATABASES ENHANCED FUJITA SCALE - Storm Prediction Center, NOAA The Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale) "...Implemented in the U.S. on 1 February 2007..." Also includes the Online "EF-Scale Training Course". Fujita Scale "...is a well known scale that uses damage caused by a tornado and relates the damage to the fastest 1/4-mile wind at the height of a damaged structure. Fujita's scale was designed to connect smoothly the Beaufort Scale (B) with the speed of sound atmospheric scale, or Mach speed (M)..." For more information see the Storm Prediction Center ENHANCED FUJITA SCALE FOR TORNADO DAMAGE - Storm Prediction Center, NOAA Enhanced F-scale "...Implemented in the U.S. on 1 February 2007..." Enhanced F-scale "...still is a set of wind estimates (not measurements) based on damage. Its uses three-second gusts estimated at the point of damage based on a judgment of 8 levels of damage to the 28 indicators listed below. These estimates vary with height and exposure..." For more information see Tornadoes or Storm Prediction Center Tsunamis TSUNAMIS CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS TSUNAMI: PACIFIC OCEAN, HAWAII, INDIAN OCEAN, & PUERTO RICO AND THE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS - Pacific Tsunami Waring System, Pacific Region Headquarters, National Weather Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Pacific Tsunami Waring System Database includes: "...Most Recent Event Message; Location Map; Tsunami Zone; etc., for Pacific Oceans, Hawaii, Indian Ocean & Puerto Rico & the U.S. Virgin Islands.." For more information see the Pacific Region Headquarters, Hawaii or the National Weather Center TSUNAMI - U.S. WEST COAST & ALASKA - West Coast & Alaska Tsunami Warning Center, National Weather Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see the West Coast & Alaska Tsunami Warning Center or the National Weather Center DEEP OCEAN ASSESSMENT AND REPORTING OF TSUNAMIS (DART) - REAL-TIME DATA BUOY DATA FOR ALASKA, WESTERN CANADA, U.S. WEST COAST, HAWAII, NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC, U.S. EAST COAST, & CARIBBEAN - National Data Buoy Center, National Weather Center, NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART) Project "...is an ongoing effort to maintain and improve the capability for the early detection and real-time reporting of tsunamis in the open ocean..." For more information see National Data Buoy Center or the National Weather Center Wind Chill WIND CHILL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS WIND CHILL CALCULATOR - D. Barthel, Southeast Regional Climate Center Wind Chill Calculator INPUT Values include: "...Temperature; Wind Speed..." For more information see Southeast Regional Climate Center, South Carolina Department of Natural Resources

Calculators On-Line Center ~ Home Page

---

E-Mail Jim Martindale
Copyright © 1994-2010, All Rights Reserved, Jim Martindale

---