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ARCHAEOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY Archaeology & Anthropology Journals ~ Dictionaries & Glossaries Archaeology & Anthropology Courses, Lectures, Lessons, etc. Aerial Archaeology Courses, Lectures, Lessons, etc. Archaeometry Courses, Lectures, Lessons, etc. Archaeology Atlases Nautical Archaeology Courses, Lectures, Textbooks, etc. Egyptology Courses, Lectures, Databases, etc. Celtic Coins Anglo-Saxon Archaeology Databases, Courses, etc. Archaeology & Anthropology in the Americas: Databases, Dictionaries, Courses, Lectures, etc. Forensic Anthropology, Human Osteology, Human Paleopathology Courses, Lectures, Lessons, etc. PALAEOICHNOLOGY ~ PALEOBOTANY ~ PALEOCLIMATOLOGY PALEOCEANOGRAPHY PALEONTOLOGY Paleontology Blogs, News, etc. Paleontology Courses, Lectures, Textbooks, etc. Natural History Museum's Department of Palaeontology Collections Fossils & Morphology Databases, Courses, etc. Invertebrate Paleontology Databases, Courses, Lectures, etc. Vertebrate Paleontology Databases, Courses, Lectures, etc. Dinosaurs Databases, Courses, Lectures, etc. GEOLOGIC TIME SCALES, GEOCHRONOLOGY & CHRONOLOGICAL METHODS Geologic Time Scales ~ Geochronology Methods Chronological Methods Courses, Lectures, etc. By Dating Method Amino Acid Geochronology Archaeomagnetic Dating, Paleomagnetic Time Scale, Paleomagnetism Atom Trap Trace Analysis ~ Dendrochronology (Tree-Ring Dating) Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale ~ Ice Cores ~ Lichenometry Luminescence, Thermoluminescence (TL) & Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) Obsidian Hydration ~ Oxygen Isotope Analysis Radiocarbon Dating Surface Exposure - Cosmogenic Exposure ~ Tephrocronology INTERACTIVE CALENDARS & DATE CONVERTERS Anthropology Arabic - Islamic ~ Aztec ~ Chinese ~ Egyptian ~ Indian (India) Japanese ~ Jewish - Hebrew ~ Lufkan Mayan - Mesoamerican ~ Persian ~ Vietnamese Calculators On-Line Center

Archaeology & Anthropology ARCHAEOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY JOURNALS Anthropology Journals AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST - American Anthropological Association Multimedia Anthropology Journal (Text & Images). For more information see the American Anthropological Association AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY - American Association of Physical Anthropologists Multimedia Physical Anthropology Journal (Text & Images). For more information see the American Association of Physical Anthropologists CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY - Wenner-Gren Foundation Multimedia Anthropology Journal (Text & Images). For more information see the Wenner-Gren Foundation GENERAL ANTHROPOLOGY - American Anthropological Association Multimedia General Anthropology Journal (Text & Images). For more information see the American Anthropological Association JOURNAL OF LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY - Published by the American Anthropological Association on behalf of the Society for Linguistic Anthropology Multimedia Journal of Linguistic Anthropology (Text & Images). For more information see the Society for Linguistic Anthropology Archaeology Journals AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY - Archaeological Institute of America Multimedia Archaeology Journal (Text & Images). For more information see the Archaeological Institute of America CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY - Canadian Archaeological Association / Association Canadienne d'Archélogie Multimedia Archaeology Journal (Text & Images). For more information see the Canadian Archaeological Association / Association Canadienne d'Archélogie OXFORD JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY - Published in association with the Institute of Archaeology, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford Multimedia Archaeology Journal (Text & Images). For more information see the Institute of Archaeology LIST OF ARCHAEOLOGY JOURNALS - Doug's Archaeology Multimedia Archaeology Journal Index (Text & Images). For more information see the Doug's Archaeology ARCHAEOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY DICTIONARIES & GLOSSARIES Anthropology Dictionaries & Glossaries ANTHROPOLOGY GLOSSARY - Department of Anthropology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Alabama Multimedia Anthropology Glossary (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Anthropology Glossary "...contains over 2500 unique terms and over 3000 entries covering terms used in biological, cultural, linguistic anthropology and archaeology..." For more information see the Department of Anthropology ANTHROPOLOGY GLOSSARY - Department of Anthropology, College of Liberal Arts, Oregon State University Multimedia Anthropology Glossary (Text & Images). For more information see the Department of Anthropology Archaeology Dictionaries & Glossaries ARCHAEOLOGY & EVOLUTION GLOSSARY - ArchaeologyInfo Multimedia Archaeological Glossary & Evolution Glossary (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see ArchaeologyInfo ARCHAEOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC. Archaeology & Anthropology an Introduction AUSTRALIA: FIRST 4 BILLION YEARS - Host: Richard Smith, NOVA, Produced for PBS Online by WGBH, Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) Multimedia Australia: First 4 Billion Years TV Series (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Australia's First 4 Billion Years "...takes viewers on a rollicking adventure from the birth of the Earth to the emergence of the world we know today..." Australia's First 4 Billion Years TV Series includes "...Australia: Awakening; Australia: Life Explodes; Australia: Monsters; Australia: Strange Creatures..." For more information see NOVA; WGBH or the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) Anthropology INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY - D. O'Neil, Anthropology, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Palomar College Multimedia Introduction to Anthropology Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Dennis O'Neil's Home Page; Anthropology or the Department of Behavioral Sciences Examples of "Anthropology" Course Chapters include Early Theories of Evolution Synthetic Theory of Evolution Classification of Living Things Early Hominid Evolution ANTHROPOLOGY COURSES - Department of Anthropology, MIT OpenCourseWare, MIT Multimedia Anthropology Courses (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see the Department of Anthropology or MIT OpenCourseWare Examples from over "20" "Anthropology" Courses include Identity and Difference Disease and Health: Culture, Society, and Ethics Energy Decisions, Markets, and Policies Archaeology INTRODUCTION TO ARCHAEOLOGY - Judith A. Habicht-Mauche, Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Cruz Multimedia Introduction to Archaeology Course (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Introduction to Archaeology" Course Lectures include "...Introduction and The World As Seen By Archaeologists; The African Burial Ground; The Enlightenment Roots of Archaeology; Archaeology and the Native American Past; Sorting Things in Time (Stratigraphy and Seriation); Recovering and Interpreting Evidence; Site Formation Processes and Middle Range Research; etc..." For more information see Judith A. Habicht-Mauche or the Department of Anthropology VIRTUAL WALKABOUT - M. Reynier & Clive Ruggles (Emeritus), School of Archaeology and Ancient History (formerly: School of Archaeological Studies), University of Leicester; Hosted by: Archaeology Data Service Multimedia Virtual Walkabout Lessons & Virtual Walkabout Archives (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Virtual Walkabout "...designed to provide a simple and easily accessible fieldwork project which introduces some of the key concepts of fieldwork to those who may never have been involved in fieldwork before..." Examples of Virtual Walkabout Lessons include "...Introduction; Fieldwork; After your Fildwork; etc..." Virtual Walkabout Archives contains "...a series of still, 2-dimensional photographic images that collectively try to express the experience of walking round an archaeological site or monument..." For more information see Teaching and Learning resources; Archaeology Data Service; Clive Ruggles's Home Page or the School of Archaeology and Ancient History AERIAL ARCHAEOLOGY AERIAL ARCHAEOLOGY IN NORTHERN FRANCE - Roger Agache (Conservateur en Chef honoraire du Patrimoine au Ministère de la Culture) and Jean-Claude Blanchet (Inspecteur Général de l'archéologie, Conservateur Général du patrimoine); Hosted by: Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication - Ministry of Culture and Communication), Paris, France Multimedia Aerial Archaeology Short Course, Database etc. (Text, Images, Animations & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples "Aerial Archaeology in Northern France" Short Course Sections, Chapters & Lessons include Prospecting "...The choice of aircraft; Camera equipment; etc..." Clues on the Ground "...Very low-relief shadows; Ground moisture anomalies: The phenomenon of capillary action; Soil color anomalies; etc..." Discoveries; Fly with Roger Agache; The Roger Agache Aerial Archaeology Image Database; etc. For more information see Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication ARCHAEOMETRY PHYSICS METHODS IN ART & ARCHAEOLOGY - M. Wiescher, Institute for Structure and Nuclear Astrophysics (ISNAP), Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Notre Dame Multimedia Physics Methods in Art & Archaeology Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Physics Methods in Art & Archaeology" Course Sections & Lectures include Physics Background and Techniques "...Goals and Purpose of Archaeometry; Principles of Atomic Spectroscopy; etc..." Analytical Methods in Art and Archaeology "...X-ray Absorption & Fluorescence; Principles of Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE); Raman and other Spectroscopies; Isotope Analysis and Neutron Activation Techniques; Neutron Activation Analysis of Archaeological Artifacts; Isotope Separation & Analysis; Food and Diet Analysis; etc..." Isotope Analysis and Dating Methods "...Archaeological Dating Methods; Migration and Colonization; Accelerator Mass Spectroscopy (AMS); Dating for Anthropology; Uranium Thorium Dating; Thermoluminescence; etc..." Bioanalytic Techniques "...Genetics as a Tool in Anthropology; Tracing populations with Haplogroups..." For more information see Michael Wiescher's Home Page; ISNAP Lectures & Courses; Institute for Structure and Nuclear Astrophysics (ISNAP) or the Department of Physics ARCHAEOLOGY ATLASES ARCHATLAS - ArchAtlas: Archaeological Atlas Project, Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K. Multimedia Archaeological Atlas (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see ArchAtlas: Archaeological Atlas Project or the Department of Archaeology DIGITAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL ATLAS OF THE HOLY LAND - A Collaborative Project & Hosted by the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Multimedia Digital Archaeological Atlas of the Holy Land (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Digital Archaeological Atlas of the Holy Land "...is an international project that brings together experts in information technology including Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the archaeology of the Holy Land (modern Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Southern Lebanon, Syria and the Sinai Peninsula)..." For more information see the Collaborative Project Members NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY DATABASES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC. NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY LECTURES - Nautical Archaeology Program, Centre for Maritime Archaeology and Conservation and the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA), Texas A&M University Multimedia Nautical Archaeology Lectures (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Nautical Archaeology Video Lectures include "...IX-Inch Dahlgren and Ordnance of USS Westfield Video Lecture; Plague Ships - Spreading Death in the Dark Ages Video Lecture; Ships of Korea: from Koryo Kingdom (918-1392) Video Lecture; Ancient Ships: Reconstructing a Greek Penteconter Video Lecture; The Double Halyard in Ancient Mediterranean Rigging Video Lecture; etc..." For more information see the Nautical Archaeology Program; Centre for Maritime Archaeology and Conservation or the Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) Also see the La Salle Shipwreck Project, Brother Jonathan Shipwreck Project, etc. from the Conservation Research Laboratory, Centre for Maritime Archaeology and Conservation

EGYPTOLOGY COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC. FOR HIEROGLYTPHICS LANGUAGE DICTIONARIES SEE LANGUAGE CENTER: HIEROGLYTPHICS DICTIONARIES ATLAS OF THE VALLEY OF THE KINGS, ATLAS OF THE THEBAN NECROPOLIS, ETC. - Theban Mapping Project Multimedia Atlases, Databases, Lectures, etc. (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Atlases & Databases include Atlas of the Valley of the Kings "...Investigate a database of information about each tomb, view a compilation of more than 2000 images, interact with models of each tomb, and measure, pan, and zoom over 250 detailed maps, elevations, and sections. Experience sixty-five narrated tours by Dr. Weeks and explore a 3D recreation of tomb KV 14...." Atlas of the Theban Necropolis "...Explore the entire archaeological zone through this giant aerial photograph. Zoom in to see individual architectural details of temples and palaces as well as the topography of the area. Mouse over sites to get additional information about them..." Bibliography of Theban West Bank Archaeological Sites "...offers over 5,000 references that describe tombs in the Valley of the Kings, Valley of the Queens, outlying wadis and the Tombs of the Nobles, plus all the memorial temples, shrines, villages, graffiti, predynastic remains, and Christian sites..." EGYPTOLOGY: PYRAMIDS AND TEMPLES - M. Millmore, U.K. Multimedia Pyramids & Temple Lessons (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Pyramids & Temples "...you will find information on pyramids and temples, which includes computer-generated reconstructions of what the pyramids and temples might have looked like when they were first built. There are also many interactive ground plan maps, photos, paintings and drawings..." For more information see Mark Millmore's Ancient Egypt Examples of Lessons include Temple of Karnak Temple of Luxor Madinat Habu - The Temple of Rameses III HIERAKONPOLIS: INTERACTIVE DIG HIERAKONPOLIS - Archaeology, Archaeological Institute of America Multimedia Hierakonpolis Lessons (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Hierakonpolis is "...the largest site from the Pre- and Protodynastic period (3800-3100 B.C.), Hierakonpolis the City of the Hawk is the most important site for understanding the foundations of Egyptian civilization..." For more information see Interactive Digs; Archaeology or the Archaeological Institute of America THE PYRAMIDS AND TEMPLES OF GIEZEH - R. Birdsall Multimedia Pyramids & Temples of Giezeh Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see The Pyramids and Temples of Giezeh or Ronald Birdsall's Home Page Examples of The Pyramids & Temples of Giezeh Course Chapters include Chapter 2: Instruments Chapter 4: Excavations Chapter 7: Inside of Great Pyramid THE TOMB OF SENNEFERI - N. Strudwick, Newton Institute, University of Cambridge, U.K.; Hosted by the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, U.K. Multimedia Tomb of Senneferi Lessons (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Tomb of Senneferi "...The tomb of Senneferi is one of the 'Tombs of the Nobles' on the West Bank at Luxor in Egypt...." For more information see Egyptology Resources CELTIC COINS OXFORD CELTIC COIN INDEX - Oxford University, The Portable Antiquities Scheme & the British Museum Multimedia "Oxford Celtic Coin Index" Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Oxford Celtic Coin Index "...contains 37925 Iron Age coins of which 23623 are provenanced and we have 37751 examples with images attached..." For more information see the Archives; Institute of Archaeology or the School of Archaeology ANGLO-SAXON ARCHAEOLOGY DATABASES, COURSES, ETC. GALLO-BELGIC POTTERY DATABASE - Jane Timby and Val Rigby, Institute of Archaeology, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford Multimedia Gallo-Belgic pottery in Britain Database (Text & Images). Gallo-Belgic pottery in Britain Database "...The Gallo-Belgic pottery industry (as defined for this study) was established in Northern Gaul (Gallia Belgica) in the Augustan period (later 1st century BC) continuing until around c AD 70-80..." "...One of the principal aims of the project has been to compile a corpus of Gallo-Belgic pottery (terra nigra and terra rubra) found in Britain. An essential part of this work has been to create a digital record of all known potter name stamps and marks. The data presented in this web site represents the first stage of dissemination..." For more information see the Research Projects; Institute of Archaeology or the School of Archaeology ARCHAEOLOGY & ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE AMERICAS: DATABASES, DICTIONARIES, COURSES, ETC. Courses, Lectures, Lessons, etc. ANCIENT MIDDLE AMERICA - T.G. Roufs, Anthropology, Department of Sociology & Anthropology, College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota Multimedia Mesoamerican Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Ancient Middle America "...provides an introduction to Prehistoric Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras. Ancient Middle America broadly explores the nature, origin, and development of the great prehistoric cultures of these countries..." For more information see Tim Roufs' Home Page Databases JOHN MONTOGOMERY DICTIONARY OF MAYA HIEROGLYPHS (QUICKTIME & WINDOWS MEDIA PLAYER) - Author: John Montgomery, Hosted by the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. Multimedia Dictionary of Maya Hieroglyps (Text, Images & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Available in English, Spanish & Maya Words and Syllables. John Montgomery’s Dictionary of Maya Hieroglyphs is "...a unique reference to the hieroglyphic writing of the ancient Maya that presents over 1,200 hieroglyphs and glyph compounds. Each entry includes the hieroglyph, phonetic transcription, Mayan equivalent, part of speech, and meaning. Entries are given in alphabetical order of their phonetic spelling. Multiple indices are..." For more information see Dictionaries or the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies (FAMSI) MAYA HIEROGLYPH DICTIONARY - Authors: Peter Mathews and Péter Bíró, Drawings by John Montgomery and Hosted by the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. Multimedia Maya Hieroglyph Dictionary (Text Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Available in English, Spanish & Maya Words and Syllables. Maya Hieroglyph Dictionary "...provides translations and analyses of about 1,000 Maya hieroglyphic words and compounds, arranged in alphabetical order. Each entry will eventually include a picture of the hieroglyph as well as its transcription and a translation in English and Spanish. The Maya Hieroglyph Dictionary also provides analyses of the word or compound and cross-references to similar words and compounds..." For more information see Dictionaries or the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies (FAMSI) MAYAN EPIGRAPHIC DATABASE: GLYPH IMAGES - R.C. Alvarado, Institute of Advanced Technology in the Humanities and the Department of Anthropology, University of Virginia Multimedia English <> Mayan Dictionary (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Mayan Epigraphic Database "...consists of a relational database of glyphs ("gnumbers"), images, phonetic values ("pvalues"), and semantic values ("svalues") according to the consensus among various American Mayanists (MacLeod and Reents-Budet 1994). Also present is the beginning of an archive of digitally transcribed Mayan texts..." For more information see Glyph Catalog or the Mayan Epigraphic Database Project Home Page FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY, HUMAN OSTEOLOGY, HUMAN PALEOPATHOLOGY, ETC. Osteology & Forensic Anthropology FOR OSTEOLOGY RELATED CENTERS SEE THE ANATOMY CENTER OR THE RADIOLOGY CENTER HUMAN OSTEOLOGY - S.G Sheridan, Department of Anthropology, College of Arts and Letters, University of Notre Dame Multimedia Osteology Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Human Osteology" Course Lectures include "...Skull & Dentition; Biomechanics of Chewing Locomotion Biocultural Reconstruction: Kneeling Paleopathology Forensic Anthropology Paleodemography Diet Reconstruction; etc..." For more information see Human Osteology Home Page; Classes; Susan Guise Sheridan's Home Page or the Department of Anthropology Paleopathology FOR PALEOPATHOLOGY RELATED CENTERS SEE THE PATHOLOGY, ETC. CENTER PALEOPATHOLOGY CASES - Paleopathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia Hospitals & Physicians, Virginia Commonwealth University Multimedia Paleopathology Cases (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Paleopathology Research Laboratory; Pathology Education; Department of Pathology or VUC Health Systems Examples from over "100" "Paleopathology Case" Studies include Paleopathology Case 17: Skin biopsy from a woman approximately 40-years-old from 350 AD Paleopathology Case 24: Adult male mummy from the Cabuza culture (Northern Chile about 450 AD) Paleopathology Case 38: A section of the lung from a 3-year-old female, Pre-Columbian mummy from northern Chile Paleopathology Case 62: The X-ray is from a 16-year-old female, Cabuza culture, Northern Chile (350-500 AD) PALEOPATHOLOGY: BONE INJURIES AND ABNORMALITIES - S. McAllister, A. Hofbauer & B. Birch, Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming Multimedia Paleopathology: Bone Injuries and Abnormalities (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see the Department of Anthropology Bone Chemistry FOR BONE CHEMISTRY RELATED CENTERS SEE THE CHEMISTRY CENTER BONE CHEMISTRY - R.H. Tykot, Department of Anthropology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida Multimedia Bone Chemistry Lecture (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Bone Chemistry" Lecture Sections include "...Principles of Stable Isotope Analysis; Analytical Methods Microsampling of Teeth; Elemental Analyses; etc. Applications; etc..." For more information see the Robert H. Tykot's Home Page or the Department of Anthropology

Palaeoichnology PALAEOICHNOLOGY COURSES, LECTURES, DATABASES, EC. KU ICHNOLOGY - S. Hasiotis, Paleontology Program, Department of Geology, University of Kansas Multimedia Ichnology Lectures, Image Database, etc. (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Ichnology" Lectures, Image Database, etc. include Principles of Ichnology "...Introduction to Ichnology; Glossary of Terms; etc..." Trace Fossil Images "...Over "25" Continental Ichnotaxa Images; Over "10" Marine Ichnotaxa Images; etc..." Videos & Animations "...Trace Fossil Video Lectures; Tracemaking Experiments Videos; Ants Pushing Video; Beetle Crub Burrowing Video; etc. Animations Elephant Track Animation; Ghost Crab Burrow Animation; Wolf Spider Burros Animation; etc..." For more information see the Stephen Hasiotis Home Page; Stephen Hasiotis Faculty Home Page; Paleontology Program; Paleontological Institute or the Department of Geology INTRODUCTION TO ICHNOLOGY - A.J. Martin, Department of Environmental Studies, Emory Universtiy Multimedia Ichnology Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Ichnology "...is the study of plant and animal traces. Implicit to this definition is that the traces made by plants and animals reflect some sort of behavior..." Examples of "Ichnology" Course Chapters & Databases include Ichnofacies & Ichnofacies Image Gallery; Trace Fossil Image Database; etc..." For more information see Anthony J. (Tony) Martin's Home Page or the Department of Environmental Studies Paleobotany PALEOBOTANY COURSES, DATABASES, LECTURES, ETC. Paleobotany Indexes PALEOBOTANY INDEX - Klaus-Peter Kelber, Mineralogisches Institut, Universität Würzburg Multimedia Paleobotany Databases, Resources, Indexes (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Klaus-Peter Kelber's Home Page Paleobotany Courses, Lectures, etc. PALEOBOTANY - R.A. Gastaldo, Plant Taphonomy, Peleobotany & Paleoecology, Department of Geology, Colby College Multimedia Paleobotany Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Paleobotany" Course Lectures include "...Taphonomy: Biogeochemical Processes of Plant Fossilization and Preservational Mode; Biostratinomic Processes in Volcaniclastic, Fluvial-Lacustrine, and Coastal Deltaic Terrains; Systematics and Evolutionary Processes in the Plant Kingdom; Evolutionary Trends in Non-Vascular Plants: Priming for Land Conquest; The Appearance of Forests and Adaptive Characters for Stressed Environments; The Cenophytic and the Evolution of Angiospermy: Hypotheses and Conjecture; Fossil Plant Remains as Paleoclimatic Indicators; etc..." For more information see Teaching; Robert A. Gastaldo's Home Page or the Department of Geology Paleoclimatology PALEOCLIMATOLOGY DATABASES, COURSES, LECTURES, ETC. ICE CORE GATEWAY - NOAA Paleoclimatology Program, National Climate Data Center (NCDC), NOAA VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Ice Core "...Click on one of the regional maps to launch a java applet which will display detailed maps of ice core data locations, and allow users to display, graph..." For more information see the Paleoclimatology or the National Climate Data Center (NCDC) PALEOCLIMATOLOGY DATA - INTERACTIVE - NOAA Paleoclimatology Program, National Climate Data Center (NCDC), NOAA Multimedia Paleoclimatology Databases (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see NOAA Paleoclimatology Program or the National Climate Data Center (NCDC) Examples of Paleoclimatology Databases include Tree-Ring Data Fossil & Surface Pollen Data Paleoclimate Model Paleocean Data Greenland Ice Sheet Project Two (GISP2) and the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) Paleoceanography PALEOCEANOGRAPHY DATABASES, COURSES, LECTURES, ETC. PALEOCEANOGRAPHY - National Climatic Data Center, NOAA Multimedia Paleoceanography Databases (Text & Images VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Paleoceanography Databases include "...Paleoceanography Search Engine; Sea Surface Temperature Reconstructions (CLIMAP) Database; Relative Sea Level Database; Calcium Carbonate Database; Planktonic Foraminifera Database; etc..." For more information see the National Climatic Data Center PALEOCEANOGRAPHY - E. Thomas, Department of Earth & Environmental Science, Wesleyan University Multimedia Paleoceanography Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Paleoceanography" Course Lectures include "...The Carbon Cycle; Planktonic foraminifera; Isotopes in rain and snow; Oxygen isotopes in carbonates: thermometer of the past; Carbon isotopes in paleoceanography; Clathrates; Cenozoic Cooling; Milankovich Cycles; Ice Ages; etc..." For more information see Ellen Thomas's Home Page or the Department of Earth & Environmental Science PALEOCEANOGRAPHY - E.A. Boyle, Ocean Geochemistry, Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (EAPS), MIT Multimedia Paleoceanography Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Paleoceanography" Course Lectures include "...Oxygen isotope paleoclimatology; Oxygen isotope paleothermometry; Sea-level and climate change: coral reefs on stable and emerging islands; Glacial/interglacial 'oscillations': why? time-series analysis; Deep-ocean paleoceanography and ocean chemistry: links to atmospheric carbon dioxide and 14C/12C; Atmospheric CO2, ocean chemistry, and mechanisms of climate change; Coral evidence for temperature, salinity, and nutrient changes; Introduction to cenozoic palenoceanography; etc..." For more information see Paleoceanography Home Page; Edward A. Boyle's Home Page; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences (EAPS); Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Courses or Mit OpenCourseWare Paleontology: Dictionaries, Courses, Fossils, Dinosaurs, etc. PALEONTOLOGY NEWS, BLOGS, ETC. CHINLEANA: DISCUSSION OF LATE TRIASSIC PALEONTOLOGY AND OTHER ASSORTED TOPICS - Field of Science Multimedia Chinleana: Discussion of Late Triassic Paleontology and other Assorted Topics (Text & Images). For more information see the Field of Science DINOGOSS - M. Martyniuk, Palaeontographer Multimedia DinoGoss Blog (Text & Images). THE OPEN SOURCE PALEONTOLOGIST - A. Brewing, Paleontologist Multimedia Paleontologist Blog (Text & Images). PALEONTOLOGY COURSES, LECTURES, TEXTBOOKS, ETC. PRINCIPLES OF PALEONTOLOGY - T.R. Holtz, Jr., Department of Geology, University of Maryland Multimedia Principles of Paleontology Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Principles of Paleontology" Course Lectures include "...Taphonomy I: Fossils as Sedimentary Particles and Burial; Taphonomy II: Modes of Fossilization; Biostratigraphy I: Index Fossils and Correlation Trace Fossils; Variation and Fossil Individuals; Fossil Species; Phylogenetics; Functional Morphology; Basal Bilateralians and Lophophorates; Mollusks; Anthropods; Vertebrate Paleontology; etc..." For more information see Principles of Paleontology Course Home Page; Thomas R. Holtz, Jr.'s Home Page or the Department of Geology NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM'S DEPARTMENT OF PALAEONTOLOGY COLLECTIONS NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM'S DEPARTMENT OF PALAEONTOLOGY COLLECTIONS - Department of Palaeontology, Research and Curation, The Natural History Museum, London, U.K. Multimedia Palaeontology Collections (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of Palaeontology Collections include Fossil Invertebrate Collections "...Fossil annelid collection (Annelida); Brachiopod collection (Brachiopoda); Fossil mollusc collection (Mollusca); etc..." Micropalaeontology Collections "...Large donated microfossil collections Former British Petroleum Microfossil Collection; Former Aberystwyth Micropalaeontological Collection; etc. Conodont collection; Nannoplankton collections; Ostracod collections; etc..." Palaeobotany Collections "...Historic collections Charles Darwin Collection of Tertiary and Permo-Carboniferous woods collected during the Beagle voyage, mostly from South America; Marie Stopes Collection of Cretaceous plants from Japan, Carboniferous coal balls and paper archives, made by the celebrated feminist writer and lesser known palaeobotanist; DH Scott Collection of Carboniferous plant slide preparations, made by one of the most influential Palaeozoic palaeobotanists of the last century; etc..." Fossil Vertebrate Collections "...Fossil mammal collections; Fossil fish collection; Fossil reptile collections; etc..." Palaeontology Specimen Database For more information see the Collections; Research and Curation or The Natural History Museum FOSSILS Fossils Databases DIGITAL MORPHOLOGY (QUICKTIME) - Project Director: Timothy Rowe, Digital Morphology Group, in conjunction with The University of Texas High-Resolution X-ray Computed Tomography Facility Multimedia Digital Morphology (DigiMorph) Database & Lessons (Text, Images, Applets, Slices, 3D Models, Videos/Movies). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Digital Morphology (DigiMorph) is "...part of the National Science Foundation Digital Libraries Initiative, develops and serves unique 2D and 3D visualizations of the internal and external structure of living and extinct vertebrates, and a growing number of 'invertebrates'. The Digital Morphology library contains nearly a terabyte of imagery of natural history specimens that are important to education and central to ongoing cutting-edge research efforts..." Examples of "Digital Morphology" Subject Categories include "...Dinosaurs, Pterosaurs, and Their Extinct Relatives; Mammals and Their Extinct Relatives; Birds; Alligators and Crocodiles; Sharks, Fishes and Other "Fish-like" Creatures; etc..." PALEONTOLOGY FOSSIL GALLERY - Produced by: the University of California Museum of Paleontology, the Paleontological Society, the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, and the United States Geological Survey Multimedia Paleontology Fossil Database & Lessons (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Paleontology Portal or the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Fossils Lessons THE VIRTUAL FOSSIL MUSEUM - The Virtual Fossil Museum VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. The Virtual Fossil Museum includes "...Paleobiology; Fossils (Fossil Image Galleries); etc..." FOSSILS - Ken Hooper Virtual Natural History Museum, Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Multimedia Fossils Database & Lessons (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of Fossils Subject Categories include "...Amber; Coprolites; Burgess Shale; Solnhofen Quarry; etc..." For more information see the Ken Hooper Virtual Natural History Museum or the Department of Earth Sciences Fossils - Amber FOSSIL AMBER - The Virtual Fossil Museum Multimedia Fossil Amber Database & Lessons (Text & Images). For more information see the The Virtual Fossil Museum Fossils - Horses FOSSIL HORSES IN CYBERSPACE - Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida Multimedia Fossil Horses in Cyberspace Database & Lessons (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see Division of Vertebrate Paleontology INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY Invertebrate Zoology Dictionary ARMAND R. MAGGENTI ONLINE DICTIONARY OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY - Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology, University of Nebraska State Museum (UNSM), University of Nebraska Multimedia Invertebrate Zoology Dictionary (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology; UNSM Collections and Research Divisions or the University of Nebraska State Museum (UNSM) Invertebrate Paleontology Databases INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY DATABASE - Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida Multimedia Invertebrate Paleontology Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see FLMNH Collection Databases or the Division of Vertebrate Paleontology - FLMNH Vertebrate Fossil Collections VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY Vertebrate Paleontology Databases VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY DATABASE - Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida Multimedia Vertebrate Paleontology Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Collection Databases or the Division of Vertebrate Paleontology - FLMNH Vertebrate Fossil Collections DINOSAURS Dinosaur Databases with Technical Reports, Lessons, etc. DINOSAURS: ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF TAXA - Thescelosaurus!, Justin Tweet Multimedia Dinosaurs Database, Technical Reports, etc. (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Thescelosaurus! DINOSAUR COLLECTIONS - L.M. Witmer, Chang Ying-Chien Professor of Paleontology, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University Multimedia Dinosaur Collections, etc. (Text, Images & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Dinosaur Collections "...dinosaur skull casts and modern amniote specimens plus CT-based visualizations..." For more information see Witmer's Lab & Research or Lawrence M. Witmer's Home Page DINOSAURS AND OTHER EXTINCT CREATURES - Researched, Designed and Implemented: M. Lowndes; Palaeontological consultant: A. Milner & J. Parish, Research and Curation, The Natural History Museum, London, U.K. Multimedia Dinosaurs and other Extinct Creatures Database, Lessons, etc. (Text, Images & Video/Movies). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see the Natural History Museum Examples of Dinosaurs Database include Dino Directory Dino Directory "...This is a guide to 325 of the most well-described dinosaurs, including 1294 images..." Non-dinosaur Reptiles Database Non-dinosaur Reptiles Database includes "...Aquatic reptiles; Flying reptiles; Mammal-like reptiles..." DINOBASE - Created & Maintained by S. Cuny, Palaeobiology and Biodiversity Research Group (PBRG), School of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Bristol, U.K. Multimedia Dinosaur Database & Lessons (Text, Images & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see the Palaeobiology and Biodiversity Research Group (PBRG) or the School of Earth Sciences Dinosaur Speed Calculator DINOSAUR SPEED CALCULATOR - Sorby Geology Group, Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, U.K. VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Dinosaur Speed Calculator - Dinosaur Calculator "...allows you to input the trackway parameters of stride length and foot size (measured in metres) together with the conversion factor, that you want to use, to relate foot size to hip height. From these it will give estimates of the gait and speed..." For more information see Dinosaur Footprints & Eggs; Sorby Geology Group: Palaeontology or the Sorby Geology Group Dinosaur Tracks, Trackway, Trace Fossils, etc. Lessons & Image Databases DINOSAUR TRACKS & TRACKWAYS - Myles J McLeod, Palaeobiology and Biodiversity Research Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol Multimedia Dinosaur Tracks & Trackways Lectures (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Dinosaur Tracks & Trackways" Lectures include "...Introduction; Footprint Morphology; Footrint Preservation; Track Taphonomy; Describing Tracks and Ichnotaxonomy; Trackways; Posture and Stance; Behaviour; Gait and Speed; etc..." For more information see the The Palaeofiles; Palaeobiology and Biodiversity Research Group or the School of Earth Sciences DINOSAUR TRACE FOSSILS - A.J. Martin, Department of Environmental Studies, Emory Universtiy Multimedia Dinosaur Trace Fossils (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Dinosaur Trace Fossils "...Dinosaurs left trace fossils represented by tracks, tooth marks, eggs, nests, gastroliths, and coprolites. Body fossils of dinosaurs include bones and skin impressions..." Examples of "Dinosaur Trace Fossils" Lectures include "...Tracks and Trackways; Eggs and Nests; Tooth Marks; Gastroliths; Coprolites; etc..." For more information see For more information see Anthony J. (Tony) Martin's Home Page or the Department of Environmental Studies PHOTO GALLERY OF DINOSAUR TRACKS - Glen J. Kuban Multimedia Photo Gallery of Dinosaur Tracks Image Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Dinosaur Courses, Lectures, etc. DIONSAURS: A NATURAL HISTORY - T.R. Holtz, Jr., Department of Geology, University of Maryland Multimedia Dinosaurs: A Natural History Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Dinosaurs: A Natural History" Course Lectures include "...Fossils and Fossilization; "...Taxonomy and Species; Life on Land before the Dinosaurs; The Rise of the Dinosaurs; Theropoda I: Dinosaurs Red in Tooth and Claw; etc..." For more information see Dinosaurs: A Natural History Course Home Page; Thomas R. Holtz, Jr.'s Home Page or the Department of Geology DINOSAURS AND THE HISTORY OF LIFE - P.E. Olsens, Paleontology, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University Multimedia Dinosaurs and the History of Life Course (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Dinosaurs and the History of Life" Course Lectures include "...The Discovery of Dinosaur; The Process of Evolution; Inferring the Relationships of Organisms - Cladistics; Earth's Cycles; The end of the Permian and the Major Groups of Tetrapods; The Triassic World and the Origin of Dinosaurs; Great Triassic Assemblages; etc..." For more information see Dinosaurs and the History of Life Course Home Page; Paul E. Olsen's Home Page or the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences

Geology Time Scales, Chronological Methods & Geochronology GEOLOGIC TIME SCALES ICS TIME SCALES - International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) Multimedia Geologic Time Scale (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. "ICS Time Scales" include "...International Chronostratigraphic Chart; Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years; Ordovician Chronostratigraphic Chart; Ordovician Carbon Isotope Curve; Permian Time Scale 2012..." For more information see the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE (544 MILLION YEARS AGO TO PRESENT) - Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, Washington, U.S. Geological Survey Multimedia Geologic Time Scale Lessons (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Geologic Time Scale "...Ages and names used here are based on U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2007-3015, "Divisions of Geologic Time - Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units", March 2007, ages have been rounded, see publication for precise timeframe. The Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic Eras are part of the Phanerozoic Eon, a column not depicted in this table..." For more information see Glossary of Hazards, Features, Phenomena, Processes, Events, Topics, & Terminology or the Cascades Volcano Observatory GEOLOGICAL TIME MACHINE (544 MILLION YEARS AGO TO PRESENT) - University of California, Berkeley Multimedia Geologic Time Scale Lessons (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. For more information see the University of California Museum of Paleontology GEOCHRONOLOGY METHODS COURSES, LECTURES, ETC. GEOCHRONOLOGY - Central Division, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Multimedia Geochronology Lessons, Publications, Technical Reports (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Geochronology Dating Techniques "...A wide variety of geochronological tools or methods can be employed to estimate quantitative and qualitative dating of rocks and sediments. Techniques exist to date all geological materials, from billions of years to historical records. U-series dating is the most reliable method for dating Quaternary (the last 2 million years) sedimentary carbonate, silica, and fossil material. Quaternary dating provides a record of climate change and..." Examples of "Geochronology" Dating Techniques include "...U-Th-Pb System Dating Technique; Rb-Sr System Dating Technique; Sm-Nd System Dating Technique; Lu-Hf System Dating Technique; Argon 40/39 Dating Technique; Tephrochronology Dating Technique; Pb 210 Dating Technique; Fission Tracks Dating Technique; Carbon 14 Dating Technique; Thermoluminescence Dating Technique; 3He/4He Dating Technique; He/Ne Dating Technique; Berlyllium 10 Dating Technique; etc..." For more information see Geochronology, Geochemistry, and Tracer Studies; Scientific Capabilities or the Central Division, USGS Examples of Geochronology Dating Techniques include U-Pb System Dating Technique Fission Tracks Dating Technique Thermoluminescence Dating Technique CHRONOLOGICAL METHODS COURSES, LECTURES, LESSONS, ETC. CHRONOLOGICAL METHODS (QUICKTIME) - G.H. Michaels & B.M. Fagan, ArchServe, University of California at Santa Barbara Multimedia Chronological Methods Course (Text, Images & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Chronological Methods "...is designed to introduce you to basic techniques used in determining the age of archaeological materials and sites. There are two general categories of methods for dating in archaeology. One is Relative Dating, and the other is Absolute Dating. In general, archaeologists use both methods in conjunction..." For more information see Anthropology 3 Courseware or ArchServe Examples of "Chronological Methods" Course Video Lessons include Cross-Dating Potassium-Argon Dating Radiocarbon Dating Obsidian Hydration Dating THE RECORD OF TIME: CHRONOMETRIC DATING TECHNIQUES - D. O'Neil, Anthropology, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Palomar College Multimedia Chronometric Dating Techniques Lessons (Text, Images & Audio/Sound). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Chronometric Dating Techniques" Lessons include "...Dendrochronology; Amino Acid Racemization Dating; Paleomagnetic Dating Paleomagnetic Dating; Geomagnetic Reversal Time Scale Dating; Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale Dating; Archaeomagnetic Dating. Radiocarbon Dating; Potassium-Argon Dating; Fission Track Dating; Thermoluminescence Dating; Electron Spin Resonance Dating; etc..." For more information see Anthropology Tutorials; Anthropology Home Page; Dennis O'Neil's Home Page or the Department of Behavioral Sciences

AMINO ACID GEOCHRONOLOGY AMINO ACID GEOCHRONOLOGY (AMINO ACID RACEMIZATION) - Amino Acid Geochronology Laboratory, Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts Multimedia Amino Acid Geochronology Lessons (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Amino Acid Geochronology "...is a relative, and sometimes absolute, dating method that relates the diagenesis of fossil protein preserved in carbonate materials with time (geologic age of the sample) and temperature (long term chemical temperature of the enclosing sediment). Stratigraphic applications of the method have been demonstrated from both marine and non-marine sequences all over the world using a variety of carbonate fossil materials including..." For more information see the Amino Acid Geochronology Laboratory ARCHAEOMAGNETIC DATING - PALEOMAGNETIC TIME SCALE - PALEOMAGNETISM Paleomagnetic Time Scale PALEOMAGNETIC TIME SCALE - O.K. Davis, Department of Geosciences, College of Science, University of Arizona Multimedia Paleomagnetic Time Scale (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Paleomagnetic Time Scale" Sections include "...History; Principles; Components (Declination, Inclination & Strength) Change Thru Time; Methods; Types of Paleomagnetism; Time Scale; Problems; Terminology; Secular Variation and Dating; etc..." For more information see Introduction to Quaternary Ecology (GEOS 462); Palynology; Owen K. Davis' Home Page or the Department of Geosciences Paleomagnetism Courses, Lectures, etc. ESSENTIALS OF PALEOMAGNETISM - Lisa Tauxe with Contributions from Subir K. Banerjee, Robert F. Butler and Rob van der Voo; SIO Paleomagnetic Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego; University of California Press, 2010 Multimedia Essentials of Paleomagnetism Course & PmagPy Software (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Essentials of Paleomagnetism" Course Chapters include "...Paleointensity; Fisher Statistics; Paleomagnetic Tensors; The Ancient Geomagnetic Field; The GPTS and Magnetostratigraphy; etc..." Examples of "Essentials of Paleomagnetism" Appendices include "...Definitions, Derivations and Tricks; Plots useful in Paleomagnetism; Paleomagnetic Statistics and Parameter Rstimation; Anisotropy in Paleomagnetism; etc..." For more information see Lisa Tauxe's Home Page or Lisa Tauxe's Faculty Home Page Archaeomagnetic Dating Lessons ARCHAEOMAGNETIC DATING - Illinois State Museum Multimedia Archaeomagnetic Dating Lessons (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Archaeomagnetism "...refers to the application of paleomagnetic methods and theory to archaeological problems. Usually, the term refers to archaeomagnetic dating..." Examples of "Archaeomagnetic Dating" Lessons include "...Archaeomagnetic Dating Overview Geomagnetic Principles; Archaeomagnetic Sample Collecting; Secular Variation Curves; etc..." ATOM TRAP TRACE ANALYSIS (ATTA) ATOM TRAP TRACE ANALYSIS (ATTA) - Medium Energy Physics Group, Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory Multimedia Atom Trap Trace Analysis (ATTA) Lessons (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Atom Trap Trace Analysis (ATTA) "...is based on techniques of laser manipulation of neutral atoms..." "...trace analyses of long-lived cosmogenic isotopes..." For more information see Medium Energy Physics Group; ANL Physics Division or the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) DENDROCHRONOLOGY - TREE-RING DATING CROSSDATING TREE RINGS USING SKELETON PLOTTING (JAVA APPLET) - P. Sheppard, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Crossdating Tree Rings Calculator "...teaches you the basic technique of crossdating using the "skeleton plot" method..." For more information see Crossdating Tree Rings Using Skeleton Plotting Instructions or the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research INTERNATIONAL TREE-RING DATA BANK - NOAA Paleoclimatology Program, National Climate Data Center (NCDC), NOAA Multimedia International Tree-Ring Data Bank (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. International Tree-Ring Data Bank "...includes raw ring width or wood density measurements, and site chronologies (growth indices for a site). Tree-ring measurement series from other parameters are welcome as well..." For more information see NOAA Paleoclimatology Data Access & Data Contribution; NOAA Paleoclimatology Program or the National Climate Data Center (NCDC) THE ULTIMATE TREE-RING WEB PAGES - H.D. Grissino-Mayer, Department of Geography, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Tennessee Multimedia Tree-Ring Databases, Technical Reports, Software, etc. (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Henri D. Grissino-Mayer's Home Page; Henri D. Grissino-Mayer's Faculty Home Page or the Department of Geography GEOMAGNETIC POLARITY TIME SCALE GEOMAGNETIC POLARITY TIME SCALE (GPTS) - Schlumberger Limited Multimedia Geomagetic Polarity Time Scale Lessons (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS) "...By accurate age-dating of rocks that show reversals in magnetic polarity, geologists have compiled a partial geologic time scale of the sequence and duration of reversals of the Earth's magnetic polarity..." For more information see the Oilfield Glossary; Products & Services or Schlumberger Limited ICE CORE DATING ICE CORE GATEWAY - NOAA Paleoclimatology Program, National Climate Data Center (NCDC), NOAA Multimedia Ice Core Data Bank (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Ice Core Gateway "...maintain archives of ice core data from throughout the world. Data from polar and low latitude mountain glaciers and ice caps are archived. Proxy climate indicators include oxygen isotopes, methane concentrations, dust content, and other parameters..." For more information see NOAA Paleoclimatology Data Access & Data Contribution; NOAA Paleoclimatology Program or the National Climate Data Center (NCDC) ICE CORE 101 - Climate Change Institute, University of Maine Multimedia Ice Core 101 (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. Ice Core "...Analysis of the physical and chemical properties of an ice core can reveal past variations in climate ranging from seasons to hundreds of thousands of years. Ice core records can be used to reconstruct temperature, atmospheric circulation strength, precipitation, ocean volume, atmospheric dust, volcanic eruptions, solar variability, marine biological productivity, sea ice and desert extent, and forest fires..." For more information see Ice Core Perspectives or the Climate Change Institute LICHENOMETRY DATING LICHENOMETRY DATING - O.K. Davis, Department of Geosciences, College of Science, University of Arizona Multimedia Lichenometry Dating (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. Examples of "Lichenometry Dating" Sections include "...Principals; Methods; Problems; etc..." For more information see Introduction to Quaternary Ecology (GEOS 462); Palynology; Owen K. Davis' Home Page or the Department of Geosciences LUMINESCENCE DATING LUMINESCENCE DATING - USGS Luminescence Dating Laboratory, USGS Multimedia Luminescence Dating Lessons (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. Luminescence Dating "...Luminescence dating is a form of geochronology that measures the energy of photons being released. In natural settings, ionizing radiation (U, Th, Rb, & K ) is absorbed and stored by sediments in the crystal lattice. This stored radiation dose can be evicted with stimulation and released as luminescence. The calculated age is the time since the last exposure to sunlight or intense heat..." For more information see the USGS Luminescence Dating Laboratory LUMINESCENCE DATING TECHNIQUE - Luminescence Dating Laboratory, Department of Geology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia Multimedia Luminescence Dating Technique (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. Luminescence Dating "...particularly using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), is revolutionizing Quaternary and archaeological science..." "...There is now convincing evidence that many glacial, fluvial, aeolian, and even shallow marine sediments can be dated by OSL techniques. The upper limit of age by OSL is largely determined by the annual dose on the sediment which is related to it's content of uranium, thorium and potassium..." For more information see the Luminescence Dating Laboratory; Facilities or the Department of Geology OBSIDIAN HYDRATION DATING OBSIDIAN HYDRATION DATING - Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon Multimedia Obsidian Hydration Dating (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. Obsidian Hydration Dating "...Once a hydration layer has been measured, it can be used to determine the relative ages of items or, in some circumstances, can be converted into an estimated absolute age. In order to transform the hydration rim value to a calendar age, the rate of the diffusion of water into the glass must be determined or estimated..." For more information see the Northwest Research Obsidian Studies Laboratory OXYGEN ISOTOPE ANALYSIS OXYGEN ISOTOPE ANALYSIS - Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin Multimedia Oxygen Isotope Analysis Lessons (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Oxygen Isotope Analysis "...New techniques for oxygen isotope analysis have lead to the first studies of oxygen isotope geochemistry of zircons (1,2). Zircon is shown to be highly retentive of oxygen isotope ratios, preserving the best record of igneous composition even in samples that have enjoyed high grade metamorphism or hydrothermal alteration..." For more information see the Department of Geology and Geophysics RADIOCARBON DATING Accelerator Mass Spectrometry ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY (AMS): PRINCIPLES OF RADIOCARBON DATING - Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Arizona VERY EXTENSIVE. Multimedia Radiocarbon Measurements Lessons (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Radiocarbon Dating "...is well known for its use in age dating of many kinds of materials. The method is applicable to almost any carbonaceous material which formed in the last 50,000 years..." For more information see Accelerator Mass Spectrometry or the Department of Physics Radiocarbon Dating Laboratories BETA ANALYTIC RADIOCARBON DATING LABORATORY - Beta Analytic, Inc. VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. SURFACE EXPOSURE DATING - COSMOGENIC EXPOSURE DATING COSMOGENIC EXPOSURE DATING - Cosmogenic Isotope Labortary, Quaternary Research Center and Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington Multimedia Cosmogenic Exposure Dating (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Cosmogenic Exposure Dating "...The build-up of cosmogenic isotopes through time provides us with a way to measure exposure ages for rock surfaces such as fault scarps, lava flows and glacial pavements. Where surfaces are gradually evolving, cosmogenic isotope measurements allow us to calculate erosion or soil accumulation rates..." For more information see Quaternary Research Center or the Department of Earth and Space Sciences CRONUS-EARTH ONLINE CALCULATORS - COSMOGENIC ISOTOPES CALCULATORS - Greg Balco, Cosmogenic Isotope Laboratory, Quanternary Research Center & the Analytical Geochemistry Group, Department of Earth and Space Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Washington VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Cosmogenic Isotopes Calculators include Beryllium-10/Aluminium-26 Exposure Age Calculator: "...calculating an exposure age when erosion rate is known independently..." Beryllium-10/Aluminium-26 Surface Erosion Rate Calculator: "...calculating the surface erosion rate under the assumption that the erosion rate has been constant long enough for several meters of rock to have been removed..." Geometric Shielding Calculator: "...For correcting the production rate at a site that is partially shielded from the cosmic-ray flux, either by the surrounding topography or by a nominally infinite dipping..." For more information see the Cosmogenic Isotope Laboratory; Quaternary Research Center; Analytical Geochemistry Research Group or the Department of Earth and Space Sciences TEPHROCRONOLOGY DATING TEPHROCRONOLOGY DATING - Tephra Lab, Microanalytical Laboratory, Department of Physical Sciences, Division of Natural Sciences, Concord University, Athens, West Virginia Multimedia Tephrochronology Dating (Text & Images). VERY EXTENSIVE. Tephrochronology Dating "...the use of volcanic ash and pumice (tephra) as a tool for dating and correlation. Tephrochronology is employed globally with numerous interdisciplinary applications including: environmental and climate change, archaeology, Earth surface processes, ecology, animal and plant evolution, earthquake hazards & neotectonics, volcanic hazards..." "...The electron microprobe is the primary analytical tool for tephrochronology. It is most commonly used to analyze the glass fraction of tephra for major and minor element abundances and thereby provide a chemical fingerprint which allows ash from different eruptions to be uniquely identified..." For more information see Microanalytical Laboratory or the Department of Physical Sciences

Anthropology ANTHROPOLOGICAL CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ANTHROPOLOGICAL CALCULATORS - Anthropological Research Page, Dienekes Pontiko VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Anthropological Calculators are located about 2/3's of the way down the page. Examples of Anthropological Calculators include "...Racial Analysis Calculator: Male & Female Versions; Anthropometric Calculator: Male & Female Versions; Greek Racial Calculator; etc..." Arabic- Islamic ARABIC CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ISLAMIC CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS HIJRI CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS GREGORIAN-HIJRI DATES CONVERTER - T. Al-Rabiah, Department of Computer Science, University of Pittsbourgh The Hijri Date "...is the Islamic calendar. It started in the moon year in which prophet Mohammed immigrated from Makkah to Madinah..." Gregorian Calender Calculator "...converts Gregorian Dates to Hijri Dates..." Hijri Calender Calculator "...converts Hijri Dates to Gregorian Dates..." For more information see Tawfig Al-Rabian's Home Page GREGORIAN-HIJRI DATE CONVERTER - IslamiCity.com Gregorian Calender Calculator "...converts Gregorian Dates to Hijri Dates..." Hijri Calender Calculator "...converts Hijri Dates to Gregorian Dates..." For more information see IslamiCity.com Aztec AZTEC CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS THE AZTEC CALENDAR CALCULATOR - R. Voorburg & W. Horden The Aztec Date Calendar Calculator "...shows the name of the year (the xihuitl in Nahuatl, the language of the Mexica or Aztecs), the name of the 13-day 'week' (trecena in Spanish) and the name and number of the day (tonalli) in the tonalpohualli, 260-day ritual daycount. Further, the Lord of the Night, the day in the 365-day calendar (the xiuhpohualli) and the (Mayan) Long Count are shown..." Chinese CHINESE CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CHINESE CALENDAR CONVERTER - China News Digest International, Inc. (CND) Chinese Calendar Converter Calculators & Tools include: "...Chinese Calendar; Solar to Lunar Calendar Conversion Calculator; Non-leap-month Lunar to Solar Calendar Conversion Calculator; Leap-month Lunar to Solar Calendar Conversion Calculator; etc..." For more information see CND 2,000 YEAR CHINESE-WESTERN CALENDAR CONVERTER - Academic Computer Center, Taiwan In Chinese. WESTERN-CHINESE CALENDAR CALCULATOR - E.E. Peterson VERY EXTENSIVE. Western-Chinese Calendar Converter Calculator INPUT Values include: Western Date "...Day of Week, Month, Day, Year, Era..." Chinese Date "...Dynasty, Ruler, Reign, Year, Month, Leap Year?, Day..." Year Cycle; Zodiac Sign; Month Cycle; Lunar Calendar Festival; Day Cycle: Western to Chinese Date & Chinese Date to Western..." For more information see Online Chinese Tools Egyptian EGYPTIAN LESSONS, CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & DATABASES EGYPTOLOGY: PYRAMIDS AND TEMPLES - M. Millmore, U.K. Multimedia Pyramids & Temples Lessons (Text & Images). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Egyptology: Pyramids and Temples "...you will find information on pyramids and temples, which includes computer-generated reconstructions of what the pyramids and temples might have looked like when they were first built. There are also many interactive ground plan maps, photos, paintings and drawings..." For more information see Mark Millmore's Ancient Egypt Examples of Pyramids & Temples Lessons include Temple of Karnak Temple of Luxor Madinat Habu - The Temple of Rameses III THE STEP PYRAMID COMPLEX OF DJOSER/ZOZER (INTERACTIVE) - H. Pittman & J. Treat, Department of the History of Art, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania Step Pyramid Complex of Djoser (also spelled Zozer) "...was built during the Third Dynasty (ca. 2800 B.C.) in what is now Saqqara, Egypt. Djoser's Step Pyramid is generally considered the first tomb in Egypt to be built entirely of stone..." For more information see Department of the History of Art THE TOMB OF SENNEFERI - N. Strudwick, Newton Institute, University of Cambridge, U.K. Multimedia Tomb of Senneferi Lessons (Text, Images, Videos/Movies & Audio/Sound). ERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Tomb of Senneferi "...The tomb of Senneferi is one of the 'Tombs of the Nobles' on the West Bank at Luxor in Egypt...." For more information see Egyptology Resources

Indian (India) INDIAN CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS INDIAN CIVIL CALENDAR - CALENDAR CONVERTER (ADOPTED FROM FORMILAB'S CALENDAR CONVERTER) - CalendarHome.com, Greater Online Marketing, LLC The National Calendar of India is composed of 12 months. The first month, Caitra, is 30 days in normal and 31 days in leap years. This is followed by five consecutive 31 day months, then six 30 day months..." Years in the Indian Calendar "...are counted from the start of the Saka Era, the equinox of March 22nd of year 79 in the Gregorian calendar, designated day 1 of month Caitra of year 1 in the Saka Era..." For more information see CalendarHome.com Japanese JAPANESE CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS CHRISTIAN YEAR TO JAPANESE ERA CONVERTER - Meiji Taisho Showa Heisei, Japan VERY EXTENSIVE. Christian Year to Japanese Era Calculator "...Converts Christian Year to Japanese Era and visce versa..." For more information see Furu's Home Page Jewish - Hebrew JEWISH CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS HEBREW CALENDAR CALCULATORS & APPLETS HEBREW CALENDAR - P.D. Asimow, Experimental Petrology Group, Geological and Planetary Sciences Division, California Institute of Technology (Caltech) VERY EXTENSIVE. With the Hebrew Calendar you "...can input dates or date ranges either in Gregorian or Hebrew form; any date in the Common Era will work (i.e, after Gregorian Year 2 or Hebrew Year 3760)..." The Hebrew Calendar will also "...return all the festivals during the specified period..." For more information see Paul D. Asimow's Home Page; Paul D. Asimow's Faculty Home Page or the Geological and Planetary Sciences Division JOS CALENDAR CONVERSION - M. Tobias & B.I. Kouchel, JewishGen, Inc JOS Calendar Converter Calculator "...can convert a civil (Gregorian calendar) date into the equivalent date on the Hebrew calendar, and vice versa. It can also display Yahrzeit dates for consecutive years..." For more information see JOS - JewishGen Calculator or JewishGen JOS JEWISH FESTIVAL DATES - M. Tobias & B.I. Kouchel, JewishGen, Inc JOS Jewish Holiday Calendar Calculator "...can display a list of all Jewish holidays for any year - a civil year (Gregorian calendar) or a Jewish year (Hebrew calendar)..." For more information see JOS - JewishGen Calculator or JewishGen ZEMANIM (HALACHIC TIME OF DAY) CALCULATOR - Scharf Associates Zemanim Calculator "...Computes Alos HaShachar, Sunrise, Sunset, Sof Zeman K'rea Sh'ma, Plag HaMincha, Tzait hakochavim, etc..." For more information see Kashrut.com Lufkan LUFKAN CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS LUFKAN CALENDAR - CALCULATOR - M. Bulmer, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Australia The Lufkan Calendar "...is based on cycles of lunar months, the lunta. These lunta are arranged in sequences of five each, known as zarsa. There are different names for the zarsa corresponding to the number of days in each of the five lunta..." For more information see Kelsa Lufkan (Lufkan Culture); Michael Bulmer's Home Page; School of Mathematics and Physics or the University of Queensland, Australia Mayan - Mesoamerican MAYAN EPIGRAPHIC DATABASE JOHN MONTOGOMERY DICTIONARY OF MAYA HIEROGLYPHS (QUICKTIME & WINDOWS MEDIA PLAYER) - Author: John Montgomery, Hosted by the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. Multimedia Dictionary of Maya Hieroglyps (Text, Images & Audio/Sound). Available in English, Spanish & Maya Words and Syllables. John Montgomery’s Dictionary of Maya Hieroglyphs is "...a unique reference to the hieroglyphic writing of the ancient Maya that presents over 1,200 hieroglyphs and glyph compounds. Each entry includes the hieroglyph, phonetic transcription, Mayan equivalent, part of speech, and meaning. Entries are given in alphabetical order of their phonetic spelling. Multiple indices are..." For more information see Dictionaries or the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies (FAMSI) MAYA HIEROGLYPH DICTIONARY - Authors: Peter Mathews and Péter Bíró, Drawings by John Montgomery and Hosted by the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. Multimedia Maya Hieroglyph Dictionary (Text Images). Available in English, Spanish & Maya Words and Syllables. Maya Hieroglyph Dictionary "...provides translations and analyses of about 1,000 Maya hieroglyphic words and compounds, arranged in alphabetical order. Each entry will eventually include a picture of the hieroglyph as well as its transcription and a translation in English and Spanish. The Maya Hieroglyph Dictionary also provides analyses of the word or compound and cross-references to similar words and compounds..." For more information see Dictionaries or the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies (FAMSI) MAYAN EPIGRAPHIC DATABASE PROJECT - R.C. Alvarado, Institute of Advanced Technology in the Humanities and the Department of Anthropology, University of Virginia VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Mayan Epigraphic Database "...consists of a relational database of glyphs ("gnumbers"), images, phonetic values ("pvalues"), and semantic values ("svalues") according to the consensus among various American Mayanists (MacLeod and Reents-Budet 1994). Also present is the beginning of an archive of digitally transcribed Mayan texts..." MAYAN CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MESOAMERICAN CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MAYAN DATE CALCULATOR - Michielb, The Netherlands The Maya "...developed a sophisticated calendar. The ritual calendar that developed in Mesoamerica used a count of 260 days. This calendar gave each day a name, much like our days of the week. There were 20 day names, each represented by a unique symbol..." Mayan Data Calculator "...will give a long count, calendar round..." For more information see The Maya Astronomy Page or Michielb MESOAMERICAN CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MAYA CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS MEXICA CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS ZAPOTEC CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS AZTEC CALENDAR CONVERTER - Resonate View The Aztec Calendar Calculator "...as presented shows the name and number of the year (xiuhpohualli in Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs), the name of the 13-day week and the name and..." For more information see Aztec Calendar Persian PERSIAN CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS KHAYAM: A PERSIAN CALENDAR CALCULATOR - Payvand.com The Persian Calendar Calculator - Khayam Calculator "...allows you to convert the Jalaali and Gregorian calendars into each other. The first is official in Iran (and surrounding areas like Afghanistan, Central Asian Republics and Kurdish Mesopotamia) and the second in the west. The Jalaali calendar is named after Jalaal-ol-Din Malek-shaah-e Saljuqi by the great Iranian poet/mathematician Omar Khayyam who re-worked it in late fifth century hejri..." For more information see Payvand Vietnamese VIETNAMESE CALENDAR CALCULATORS, APPLETS, ANIMATIONS & SIMULATIONS VIETNAMESE LUNAR CALENDAR CONVERSION (JAVA APPLET) - Ho Ngoc Duc, Hosted by Blog Tien Viet Vietnamese Lunar Calendar Calculator "...displays a month of the Gregorian calendar with the corresponding dates of the lunar calendar used in Vietnam..." In History "...sometimes the country was divided and different calendars were used in different regions. The historical calendar takes that fact into account and prints an additional lunar day in the upper right corner whenever the calendars used in the different regions do not agree...." For more information see Blog Tien Viet

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