MARTINDALE'S THE REFERENCE DESK TIME, SI UNITS, PHYSICAL CONSTANTS, FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES

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Time Overview - History Time Measurement & Frequency Standards (Femtosecond, Attosecond, Zeptosecond, Yoctosecond,Cesium Fountain Clock, etc.) Geological Scale, Chronological Methods, Chronometric Techniques, etc. Time Services & GPS International System of Units (SI) ~ Physical Constants & Particle Properties Uncertainty ~ Fundamental Particles

TIME OVERVIEW - TIME HISTORY Time Courses & Lessons THE HISTORY OF FREQUENCY CONTROL & MODERN TIME KEEPING - Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrcs & Frequency Control (UFFC) Multimedia History of Frequency Control & Modern Time Keeping Lessons (Text & Images). For more information see UFFC A WALK THROUGH TIME - National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Multimedia The Evolution of Time Measurement Lessons (Text and Images). The Evolution of Time Measurement Lessons include: "...Ancient Calendars; Earliest Clocks; A Revolution in Timekeeping; The "Atomic" Age of Time Standards; World Time Zones; NIST Time and Frequency Services; etc..." For more information see Physical Reference Data or the Physical Measurement Laboratory or the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) TIME MEASUREMENT & FREQUENCY STANDARDS Time & Frequency Glossary TIME AND FREQUENCY - Time & Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards (NIST) Multimedia Time & Frequency Glossary with Time & Frequency Standards (Text & Images). Time & Frequency Glossary "...Unlike the glossaries produced by standards committees, Time and Frequency: From A to Z is not intended to be an official glossary of time and frequency terminology. Instead, this glossary was created as an educational tool. Like all technical fields, time and frequency has its own terminology and jargon, including terms that are seldom used outside the field, and terms that might have different meanings in other fields..." For more information see Time & Frequency Division; Physical Measurement Laboratory or the National Institute of Standards and Technology Time & Frequency Standards, Research, etc. TIME & FREQUENCY STANDARDS & RESEARCH - Time and Frequency Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, NIST Multimedia Time & Frequency Databases, Lessons, Publications (Text & Images). Examples Time & Frequency Research Technical Publications, Databases, etc. include: Optical frequency measurements "...Compact atomic clocks; Diode laser technology; Femtosecond-laser-based clockworks; Calcium optical frequency standards; Optical frequency chains, etc..." Ion Storage "...Ion frequency standards; Penning traps and non-neutral plasmas; Quantum logic and coherent control etc..." For more information see Time & Frequency Division; Physical Measurement Laboratory or the National Institute of Standards and Technology FREQUENCY CONTROL - J.R. Vig, Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrcs & Frequency Control (UFFC) Multimedia Frequency Control Lessons & Technical Reports (Text & Images). For more information see Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrcs & Frequency Control (UFFC) PROPERTIES OF OSCILLATOR SIGNALS AND MEASUREMENT METHODS - D.A. Howe, D.W. Allan, & J.A. Barnes, Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology Multimedia Properties of Oscillator Signals & Measurement Manual (Text & Images). Properties of Oscillator Signals & Measurement Subject Categories include: "...The Sine Wave & Stability; Measurement Methods Comparison; Characterization; Analysis of Time Domain Data; Confidence of the Estimate & Overlapping Samples; Maximal Use of the Data & Determination of the Degrees of Freedom; Example of Time-Domain Signal Processing & Analysis; etc..." For more information see Properties of Oscillator Signals and Measurement Methods Home Page; Time & Frequency Division; Physical Measurement Laboratory or the National Institute of Standards and Technology Atomic Metrology Cesium Fountain Clock CESIUM FOUNTAIN ATOMIC CLOCK (NIST) - Time & Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards (NIST) Multimedia NIST-F1 Cesium Fountain Atomic Clock Lessons & Technical Publications (Text & Images). For more information see Time & Frequency Division; Physical Measurement Laboratory or the National Institute of Standards and Technology Femtosecond (10-15 seconds) Metrology FEMTOSECOND E-PRINTS - Physics e-Prints, arXiv.org For more information see the arXiv.org Attosecond (10-18 seconds) Metrology ATTOSECOND E-PRINTS - Physics e-Prints, arXiv.org For more information see the arXiv.org Zeptosecond (10-21 seconds) Metrology ZEPTOSECOND SECOND E-PRINTS - Physics e-Prints, arXiv.org For more information see the arXiv.org NUCLEAR EXCITATION BY A ZEPTOSECOND MULTI--MeV LASER PULSE (AUGUST, 2011) - Author: H.A. Weidenmueller, Physics e-Prints, August, 2011 Multimedia Nuclear Excitation by a Zeptosecond Multi--MeV Laser Pulse - Physics e-Prints (Text & Images). Nuclear Excitation by a Zeptosecond Multi--MeV Laser Pulse "...A zeptosecond multi–MeV laser pulse may either excite a "plasma" of strongly interacting nucleons or a collective mode. We derive the conditions on laser energy and photon number such that either of these scenarios is realized...." For more information see Zeptosecond e-Prints or the arXiv.org Yoctosecond (10-24 seconds) Metrology YOCTOSECOND SECOND E-PRINTS - Physics e-Prints, arXiv.org For more information see the arXiv.org THERMAL PROCESS GENERATED IN QUARK-GLUON PLASMA BY YOCTOSECOND LASER PULSES (JULY, 2011) - Authors: J. Marciak-Kozlowska & M. Kozlowski, Physics e-Prints, July, 2011 Multimedia Thermal processes generated in quark-gluon plasma by yoctosecond laser pulses - Physics e-Prints (Text & Images). For more information see Yoctosecond e-Prints or the arXiv.org YOCTOSECOND PHOTON PULSE GENERATION IN HEAVY ION COLLISIONS (FEB, 2011) - Author: Andreas Ipp, Physics e-Prints, Feb, 2011 Multimedia Yoctosecond photon pulse generation in heavy ion collisions - Physics e-Prints (Text & Images). "...Due to the internal dynamics of the plasma, double pulses at the yoctosecond time scale can be generated under certain conditions. Such double pulses may be utilized for novel pump-probe experiments at nuclear time scales...." For more information see Yoctosecond e-Prints or the arXiv.org

GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE, CHRONOLOGICAL METHODS, CHRONOMETRIC TECHNIQUES, ETC. Geologic Time Scale FOR GEOLOGIC TIME SCALES, GEOCRONOLOGY METHODS, CHRONOLOGICAL METHODS, CHRONOMETRIC TECHNIQES, ETC. DATABASES, COURSES & LESSONS SEE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALES, GEOCRONOLOGY METHODS, CHRONOLOGICAL METHODS, CHRONOMETRIC TECHNIQES, ETC. TIME SERVICES & GPS Time Services & GPS Databases GLOBAL GPS TIME SERIES - M. Heflin, JPL, NASA Global GPS Time Series "...Daily position estimates are determined from satellite signals which are recorded by GPS receivers on the ground. Data from a global receiver network were collected by the International GPS Service for Geodynamics (IGS) and analyzed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory..." NIST INTERNET TIME SERVICE (ITS) - Time & Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards (NIST) The NIST Internet Time Service (ITS) "...allows users to synchronize computer clocks via the Internet. The time information provided by the service is directly traceable to UTC(NIST). The service responds to time requests from any Internet client in several formats including the DAYTIME, TIME, and NTP protocols..." For more information see Time & Frequency Division; Physical Measurement Laboratory or the National Institute of Standards and Technology TIME & FREQUENCY DIVISION - Time and Frequency Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, NIST Multimedia Time and Frequency Courses, Lessons, Standards, Publications, etc. (Text & Images). For more information see Time & Frequency Division; Physical Measurement Laboratory or the National Institute of Standards and Technology

SI UNITS International System of Units INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS - Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards International System of Unit is "...adapted from NIST Special Publication 811 (SP 811), prepared by B.N. Taylor and entitled Guide for the Use of the International System of Unit..." For more information see The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, & Uncertainty; Physical Reference Data or the Physical Measurement Laboratory Some examples of International System of Units Calculators include SI Units SI Prefixes Fundamental Physicsal Constants PHYSICAL CONSTANTS Fundamental Physical Constants & Particle Properties FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS: CODATA INTERNATIONALLY RECOMMENDED VALUES - Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards Fundamental Physical Constants "...The values of the constants provided at this site are recommended for international use by CODATA and are the latest available..." For more information see The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, & Uncertainty; Physical Reference Data or the Physical Measurement Laboratory Particle Properties Database REVIEW OF PARTICLE PROPERTIES - Particle Data Group, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) Multimedia Particle Physics Database (Text & Images). Particle Physics Database includes: "...Summary Tables: Reviews, Tables & Plots; Particle Listings; Tools for Encoding the Review of Particle Physics; etc..." For more information see the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) UNCERTAINTY Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing Unvertainty GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATING AND EXPRESSING THE UNCERTAINTY OF NIST MEASUREMENTS - Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards (NIST) For more information see The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, & Uncertainty; Physical Reference Data or the Physical Measurement Laboratory

Fundamental Particles THE PARTICLE ADVENTURE Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP) and the Particle Data Group, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL). Multimedia Tutorial (Text & Images). For more information see the Particle Data Group, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) or Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) FUSION PHYSICS OF A FUNDAMENTAL ENERGY SOURCE Created by the Fusion Group of the Contemporary Physics Education Project, Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPL). Multimedia Tutorial (Text & Images). For more information see the Fusion Group, Contemporary Physics Education Project or FusEdWeb: Fusion Energy Educational Web Site

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