MARTINDALE'S THE REFERENCE DESK LABORATORY TESTS, DIAGNOSTICS & PROTOCOLS CENTER

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LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICS Clinical Lab Tests, Pathology Laboratory Tests, Diagnostic Techniques & Procedures, Lab Techniques Normal Ranges (Reference Range) & Critical Values for Common Laboratory Tests Physician's Guides to Laboratory Test Selection & Interpretation Laboratory Tests (All Inclusive) & Microbiology Collection Procedures Mycology Laboratory Methods Differential Diagnosis, Laboratory Techniques & Procedures, etc. Chemical Sampling Encountered in Industrial Hygiene Investigations Hazardous Substances ~ Genetic Laboratory Tests ~ Neuromuscular Laboratory Testing Medical Tests (Infants, Children & Adults): Consumers & Patient Education CHEMISTRY LABORATORY TECHNIQUES & CHEMICAL EXPERIMENTS BIO LABORATORY PROTOCOLS, METHODS & TECHNIQUES Apoptosis Protocols ~ Histology Protocols, Methods & Techniques HPLC, HPLC Columns, Spin Columns, Electrophoresis Gels Microbiological Methods: Microbiological Analyses of Foods & Cosmetics Microfluidics: Lab-on-a-Chip Technology Molecular Biology Protocols & C. elegans Protocals MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES & PROTOCOLS Microscopy, Photomicrography & Digital Imaging Techniques Transmission Electron Microscopy TEM, Cryosectioning, Immunocytochemistry, etc. Chemistry Center - Analytical Chemistry ~ Chemistry Calculators Center

Laboratory Diagnostics

CLINICAL LAB TESTS, PATHOLOGY LABORATORY TESTS, DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES & PROCEDURES, LAB TECHNIQUES, ETC. Normal Ranges (Reference Range) & Critical Values for Common Laboratory Tests NORMAL RANGES FOR COMMON LABORATORY TESTS - Rush Medical Laboratories (RML), Rush University Medical Center, Rush University Multimedia Normal Ranges for Common Laboratory Tests Database (Text & Images). Normal Ranges for Common Laboratory Tests include: Basic Metabolic Laboratory Tests "...Calcium; Chloride; CO2, Total; Creatinine; Glucose; Potassium; Sodium; Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)..." Comprehensive Metabolic Laboratory Tests "...Albumin; Alkaline Phosphatase; Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase - SGPT); Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase - SGOT); Bilirubin, total; Calcium; Carbon Dioxide; Chloride; Creatinine; Glucose; Potassium; Protein, Total; Sodium; Urea Nitrogen..." Blood Gases Laboratory Tests, Arterial "...pH; pCO2 (Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide); pO2 (Partial Pressure of Oxygen); Bicarbonate; CO2 (Carbon Dioxide); O2 Saturation (Oxygen Saturation)..." Blood Gases Laboratory Tests, Venous "...pH; pCO2 (Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide); pO2 (Partial Pressure of Oxygen); Bicarbonate; CO2 (Carbon Dioxide); O2 Saturation (Oxygen Saturation)..." Lipid Laboratory Tests "...Cholestrol; High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL Cholesterol); Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL Cholesterol); Triglyceride..." Thyroid Laboratory Tests "...Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH); Total Thyroxine (Total T4), Adult; Thyroid Hormone Uptake (T Uptake); Free Thyroxine (Free T4); Free Thyroxine Index (FTI)..." Hematology Laboratory Tests "...White Blood Cell Count (WBC); Red Blood Cell Count (RBC); Hemoglobin (Hgb); Hematocrit (Hct); Mean Cell Volume (MCV); Mean Cell Haemoglobin (MCH); Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC); Platelets (Platelet count); Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)..." Leukocyte Differential Laboratory Tests "...Neutrophils; Segmented Neutrophils; Band Cells; Lymphocytes; Monocytes; Eosinophils; Basophils..." Other Common Chemistry Tests "...Amylase; Cholesterol; C-Reactive Protein (CRP); Creatine Kinase; Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT); Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); Lipase; Magnesium; Phosphorus; Uric Acid..." For more information see Laboratory Tests; Rush Medical Laboratories or the Rush University Medical Center CRITICAL VALUES FOR: CLINICAL CHEMISTRY, THERAPEUTIC DRUGS, CLINICAL HEMATOLOGY & CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY - Rush Medical Laboratories (RML), Rush University Medical Center, Rush University Multimedia Critical Values for: Clinical Chemistry, Therapeutic Drugs, Clinical Hematology & Clinical Microbiology Database (Text & Images). For more information see Laboratory Tests; Rush Medical Laboratories or the Rush University Medical Center Physician's Guide to Laboratory Test Selection & Interpretation ARUP CONSULT: THE PHYSICIAN'S GUIDE TO LABORATORY TEST SELECTION & INTERPRETATION - ARUP Laboratories Multimedia Physician's Guide to Laboratory Test Selection & Interpretation (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. ARUP's Physician's Guide to Laboratory Test Selection & Interpretation includes: "...Over 1,000 lab tests categorized for diagnostic decision making; Disease-related topics include background information, test ordering suggestions, and concise diagnostic advice; Diagnostic algorithms; etc..." Browse ARUP's Physician's Guide to Laboratory Test Selection & Interpretation by: "...Disease Categories; Topics with Algorithms; Topic Names or Recent Updates..." Depending on Disease, Each Disease Name includes: Clinical Background "...Epidemiology; Risk Factors Clinical Presentation; Pathophysiology; Diagnosis; Disease monitoring..." Indications for Ordering Test "...Test Name and Number; Recommended Use; Limitations; Follow Up..." References; Tests Available. For more information see ARUP Laboratories RCPA MANUAL - Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Multimedia Pathology Test Manual - Clinical Laboratory Tests Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. "...The main purpose of this Manual is to provide useful guidelines for the selection of pathology tests and to facilitate interpretation of results..." For more information see Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Examples from the RCPA Manual include Abbreviations Glossary Complete Clinical Problem Listing Complete Clinical Problem Listing "...presents pathology tests in the context of the clinical problems which give rise to the need for diagnostic information..." Depending Clinical Problem (Disease) Each Problem/Disease Name includes: "...Appropriate Tests..." Complete Pathology Test Listing Complete Pathology Test Listing "...includes most of the tests available to the clinician..." Depending on Test, Each Test Name includes "...Specimen; Method; Reference Interval; Application; Interpretation; etc..."

Laboratory Tests (All Inclusive) & Microbiology Collection Procedures ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY & CLINICAL PATHOLOGY LABORATORY TESTS - Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, University of Virginia Multimedia Clinical Pathology & Anatomic Pathology Laboratory Tests (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Anatomic Pathology Laboratory Tests include: "...Body Cavity Fluid Cytology; Breast Discharge Cytology; Bronchoalveolar Lavage; Cervical/Vaginal Cytology; Cyst Fluid Cytology; Eye/Vitreous Fluid Cytology; Joint Fluid; Nipple Secretions Cytology; Oral Scrapings; PAP Test; Synovial Fluid Cytology; etc..." Anatomic Pathology Laboratory Tests - Depending on Test, Each Test Name includes: "...Test Code; CPT Code; Synonyms; Test Includes; Laboratory; Specimen; Minimum Volume; Reference Range; etc..." For more information see Department of Pathology or the University of Virginia Health System CLINICAL TEST CATALOG - Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center Multimedia Clinical Laboratory Tests (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Depending on Test, Each Test Name includes: "...Laboratory; COE Code; Synonymns; Container; Normal Volume; Offsite Collection; Analytic Time; Reference Range; Test Methodology; CPT Code; etc..." Also includes: "...Order of Draw for Multiple Tube Collections; Critical Values; Point of Care (POC) Testing; etc..." For more information see the Department of Pathology or the University of Michigan Medical Center CLINICAL LABORATORY TESTS: NORMAL VALUES - Medical Council of Canada Available in English & French. "...reference values for the most common laboratory tests and is intended for interpretation of the results as they are provided in the examinations. Note that all values are provided in SI units. All values apply to adults..." Clinical Laboratory Tests - Normal Values include: Blood Coagulation (Hemostasis): "...Bleeding time (Ivy); International Normalized Ratio (INR); Partial thromboplastin time (PTT); Prothrombin time (PT)..." Hemogram: "...Hematocrit (Hct); Hemoglobin (Hb); Mean corpuscular volume (MCV); Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH); Platelet count; Red blood cells (RBC); Red cell distribution width (RDW); Reticulocyte count; Sedimentation rate (Westergren); White blood cells & differential (White blood cell count (WBC); Segmented neutrophils; etc.)..." Chemical Constituents: "...Albumin (serum) ; Alkaline phosphatase (serum); Aminotransferase (transaminase) (serum), Alanine (ALT; SGPT), Aspartate (AST; SGOT) & Gamma glutamyl transferase; Amylase (serum); Bicarbonate (HCO3) (serum); Bilirubin (serum); Calcium (serum); Chloride (serum); Cortisol; Ferritin; etc..." Cerebrospinal Fluid: "...Cell count; Glucose; Proteins (total)..." Urine: "...Calcium; Chloride; Creatinine; Osmolality; Potassium; etc..." For more information see Table of Contents; Welcome to the On-Line Version of the Objectives for the Qualifying Examination or the Medical Council of Canada LABORATORY HANDBOOK - Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Darmouth University Multimedia Laboratory Handbook (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Laboratory Handbook can be searched by: "...Procedure: Text Name, Mnemonic and Synonym(s); Specimen Type: Whole Blood, Body Fluid, Bone Marror, Eye, etc..." Depending on Test, Each Test Name includes: "...Speciment Requirements; Special Instructions; Analytic Time; Reference Ranges; etc..." For more information see the Department of Pathology Examples of other Handbooks, Calculators, etc. include Reference Ranges: Chemistry, Hematology & Serology Container Calculator Specimen Collection: Phlebotomy Procedures Microbiology: Collection Instructions Collection Instructions Subject Categories include: "...Central Nervous System; Gastrointestinal; Genital Tract; Ocular Specimens; Respiratory Specimens; Sterile Body Fluids; Subcutaneous Tissue & Skin Specimens; Deep Wounds, Aspirates & Tissue Specimens; Urine; etc..." LABORATORY TEST DATABASES - Mayo Medical Laboratories, Mayo Cinic Multimedia Laboratory Test Database. VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Depending on Test, Each Test Name includes: "...Unit Code; Reporting Name; Published Name; Method Name; Specimen Requirement; Reference Values; Day(s) & Time(s); CPT Code; Special Instructions; etc..." For more information see the Mayo Clinic Examples of Laboratory Test Indexes & Catalogs include Mayo Medical Laboratories Test Catalog Biochemical Genetics Laboratory: Metabolite and Enzyme Assays Cytogenetics Laboratory: Cytogenetic Testing for Neoplastic Disorders & Cytogenetics Congenital Test List Fertility Testing (Andrology) Laboratory Tests Molecular Genetics Laboratory Tests LABORATORY TEST DATABASE (UCSF) - Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCSF Multimedia Laboratory Test Database: Lab Manual for Moffitt-Long and Mount Zion (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Depending on Test, Each Test Name includes: "...Test Code; Available Stats; Sample Type; Container Type; Minimum Volume; Causes for Rejection; Normal Range; etc..." Also includes: "...Specimen Operations; Bone Marrow Aspiration/Biops; Transfusion Service and Blood Donor Center; Microbiology; etc..." For more information see the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine or UCSF LABORATORY TESTS (JONHS HOPKINS) - Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Multimedia Pathology Laboratory Tests (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Depending on Test, Each Test Name includes: "...PDS Test Name; POE Test Name; Routine Code; Laboratory; Includes; Method; Laboratory; Specimen Requirements; Comments; Reference Range; Critical Action Values; CPT Codes; etc..." For more information see Department of Pathology or Johns Hopkins Medicine LABORATORY TEST GUIDE - Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, University of Washington Multimedia Clinical Laboratory Tests (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Depending on Test, Each Test Name includes: "...Battery Information; Collection and Handling; Laboratory; Processing; CPT Codes; Reference Range; etc..." For more information see the Department of Laboratory Medicine LABORATORY SERVICES HANDBOOK (UNIVERSITY OF IOWA) - Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa Multimedia Pathology Laboratory Services Handbook (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Depending on Test, Each Test Name includes: "...specimen; Collection Medium; Alternate Collection Media; Minimum; Analytic Time; Reference Range; Test Limitations; ect..." For more information see the Department of Pathology LABORATORY TESTS & PROCEDURES (UCSD) - Clinical Laboratories, UCSD Healthcare, University of California, San Diego Multimedia Laboratory Tests & Procedures Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see UCSD Healthcare LABCORP'S TEST DIRECTORY - Laboratory Corporation of America, Holdings and Lexi-Comp Inc. Multimedia Clinical Laboratory Tests Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Depending on Test, Each Test Name includes: "...Number; CPR; Related Information; Synonyms; Test Includes; Special Instructions; Specimen; Volume; etc..." For more information see the Laboratory Corporation of America MICROBIOLOGY SPECIMEN COLLECTION - Department of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Multimedia Microbiology Specimen Collection (Text & Images). Microbiology Specimen Collection includes: Bacterial Cultures "...Abscess; Anaerobic cultures; Bone marrow aspirate; Burn; Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF); Decubitus ulcer; Ear & Eye; Genital; Respiratory; Sterile body fluids; Stool; Tissue; Urine; ect..." Fungal Culture; Mycobacterial Culture (AFB Culture); Chlamydia Trachomatis Culture Isolation; Viral Culture "...Nasopharynx swab; Nasopharyngeal wash; Respiratory secretions; Throat Wash; etc... Parasitology "...Ova & Parasite Exam; Pinworm Exam; Scabies Exam; etc..." Serology; etc. For more information see the Additional Information; Laboratory Services Handbook or the Department of Pathology MICROBIOLOGY COLLECTION & HANDLING GUIDELINES - The Reference Laboratory, Cleveland Clinic Multimedia Microbiology Collection Procedures - Microbiology Specimen Collection (Text & Images). Microbiology Collection Procedures - Microbiology Specimen Collection include: "...General Information; Clinical Virology "...Specimen Guide for Specific Viruses; Viral Culture Panels; etc..." Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing "...Antibiotic Assays; Antibiotic Assays Monitoring; etc..." Culture Types & Guidelines "...Blood Cultures; Urine Cultures; Routine Bacterial Cultures; etc..." For more information see the Reference Laboratory or the Cleveland Clinic SPECIALTY LABORATORIES LABORATORY TESTS - Specialty Laboratories Multimedia Clinical Laboratory Tests Database (Text & Images). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. For more information see Specialty Laboratories

Mycology Laboratory Methods MYCOLOGY LABORATORY METHODS - a joint project of the Mycology Unit at the Adelaide Women's & Children's Hospital and School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Australia Multimedia Medical Mycology Laboratory Methods Teaching Modules (Text & Images). Medical Mycology Laboratory Methods Teaching Modules include: "...Antifungal Susceptibility Testing; Culture Techniques and Media; Microscopy Techniques and Stains; Specimen Collection and Processing..." For more information see the Medical Mycology; Mycology Unit; Adelaide Women's & Children's Hospital or the School of Molecular & Biomedical Science MYCOLOGY LABORATORY - DoctorFungus Corporation Multimedia Medical Mycology Teaching Modules (Text & Images). Medical Mycology Laboratory Methods include: "...Methods for Susceptibility Testing; Summaries of usual Susceptibility Patterns; Detailed Laboratory Procedures; Histopathology; etc..." For more information see DoctorFungus Differential Diagnosis, Laboratory Techniques & Procedures, etc. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS, DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES & LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES: EVIDENCE BASED CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES - National Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC), an initiative of the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR), Department of Health and Human Services, the American Medical Association (AMA), and the American Association of Health Plans (AAHP) The National Guidelines Clearinghouse (NGC) "...is an Internet Web site intended to make evidence-based clinical practice guidelines and related abstract, summary, and comparison materials widely available to health care professionals..." For more information see Analytical, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Techniques and Devices ' Treatment & Intervention or the National Guideline Clearinghouse Chemical Sampling Encountered in Industrial Hygiene Investigations CHEMICAL SAMPLING INFORMATION (CSI) - Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Department of Labor Multimedia Chemical Database (Text & Images). Chemical Sampling Information "...presents, in concise form, data on a large number of chemical substances that may be encountered in industrial hygiene investigations. It is intended as a basic reference for industrial hygienists..." Depending on Chemical, Each Chemical includes: "....General Description; Exposure Limits; Health Factors & Health Effects; Monitoring (Primary Sampling/Analytical Method)..." For more information see Subject Index or OSHA Hazardous Substances HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATA BANK (HSDB) - Specialized Information Services Division, Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program, National Library of Medicine Multimedia Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) Database (Text & Images). Hazardous Substances Data Bank is a "...Comprehensive, peer-reviewed toxicology data for about 5,000 chemicals..." Hazardous Substances Data Bank Subject Categories include: "...Human Health Effects; Emergency Medical Treatment; Animal Toxicity Studies; Metabolism/Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacology; Environmental Fate & Exposure; Environmental Standards & Regulations; Chemical/Physical Properties; Chemical Safety & Handling; Occupational Exposure Standards; Manufacturing, Use Information; Laboratory Methods; etc..." For more information see TOXNET HAZ-MAP - Specialized Information Services (SIS) Division, National Library of Medicine (NLM) Multimedia Occupational Health Exposure to Chemicals & Biologicals Database (Text & Images). Occupational Health Exposure to Chemicals & Biologicals Database (HAZ-MAP) is "...designed for health and safety professionals and for consumers seeking information about the health effects of exposure to chemicals and biologicals at work. Haz-Map links jobs and hazardous tasks with occupational diseases and their symptoms..." For more information see Environmental Health and Toxicology; Specialized Information Services (SIS) Division or the National Library of Medicine (NLM) INTEGRATED RISK INFORMATION SYSTEM - Specialized Information Services Division, Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program, National Library of Medicine Multimedia Integrated Risk Information System Database (Text & Images). Integrated Risk Information System is a "...Hazard identification and dose-response assessments for over 500 chemicals..." Integrated Risk Information System includes Substance Identification; Reference Dose for Exposure "...Critical Effect; Experimental Dose; Conversion Factors; etc...." Chronic Health Hazard Assessment; etc..." For more information see TOXNET NIOSH/OSHA/DOE HEALTH GUIDELINES - OSHA Technical, OSHA, U.S. Department of Labor Multimedia Chemical Health Guidelines - Chemical Health Database (Text & Images). NIOSH/OSHA/DOE Health Guidelines "...summarize pertinent information about chemicals for workers and employers as well as for physicians, industrial hygienists, and other occupational safety and health professionals who may need such information to conduct effective occupational safety and health programs..." Examples of Chemicals, Dust, etc. within the NIOSH/OSHA/DOE Health Database include: "...Aluminum; Arsenic; Chlorine Trifluoride; Chromium II; Coal Dust; Diazomethane; Dimethylamine; Ethanolamine; Ethyl Butyl Ketone; Formic Acid; Halothane; Hydrogen Bromide; Isopropylamine; Mercury Vapor; Oil Mist, Mineral Oil; Tetramethyl Lead; Thioglycolic Acid; Uranium & Insoluble Compounds; Vinylidene Chloride; Welding Fumes; Wood Dust; Zinc Stearate; etc..." For more information see Subject Index or OSHA

Genetic Laboratory Testing: Genetic Disease & Gene Tests GENETIC DIAGNOSTIC TESTS - Medical Genetics Laboratories, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine Multimedia Genetic Diagnostic Tests Database (Text & Images). Genetic Diagnostic Tests include: "...Biochemical; Cytogenetics; DNA; Mitochondrial; Prenatal; etc..." Depending on Test, Each Test Name includes: "...Type of Analysis; Description; Specimen Requirements; Normal Range; CPT Codes; Test Codes; etc..." For more information see Medical Genetics Laboratories or the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics GENETIC ASSOCIATION DATABASE (GAD) - K.G. Becker, K.C. Barnes, T.J. Bright, S.A. Wang & H. Cheung, Gene Expression and Genomics Unit (GEGU), National Institute on Aging Multimedia Genetic Association Database (Text & Images). Genetic Association Database (GAD) is "...an archive of human genetic association studies of complex diseases and disorders. The goal of this database is to allow the user to rapidly identify medically relevant polymorphism from the large volume of polymorphism and mutational data, in the context of standardized nomenclature..." Genetic Association Database (GAD) is "...intended for use primarily by medical scientists and other professionals concerned with genetic disorders, by genetics researchers, and by advanced students in science and medicine..." For more information see Kevin G. Becker's Home Page; Gene Expression and Genomics Unit (GEGU); Intramural Research Program or the National Institute on Aging Offices, Laboratories and Services GENETIC DISEASE DATABASE & GENE TESTS - GeneTests-GeneClinics, Children's Health System and the University of Washington, Seattle Multimedia Genetic Disease Databases, Genetic Disease Cases, Disease Profiles, Genetic Disease Tests, etc. (Text & Images). GeneTests-GeneClinics "...a genetic testing resource that includes: A Genetics Laboratory Directory; A resource list of Genetics Clinics; An introduction to Genetic Counseling and Testing concepts..." Genetics Disease Cases "...View All Diseases; View Overviews and Related Diseases; Select by Disease Category..." Laboratory Testing in Neuromuscular Disorders LAB TESTING IN NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS - Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis Multimedia Laboratory Testing in Neuromuscular Disorders Database (Text & Images). For more information see Neuromuscular Disease Index; Neuromuscular Disease Center or the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis

MEDICAL TESTS - CONSUMERS AND PATIENT EDUCATION Laboratory & Medical Tests Infants & Children - U.S. MEDICAL TESTS (WITH EMPHASIS ON INFANTS AND CHILDREN) - UCSF Childrens Hospital, UCSF Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), & A.D.A.M., Inc. Multimedia Medical Tests with Emphasis on Infants & Children Database (Text & Images). Depending on the Medical Test, Each Test Name includes: "...Definition; How Test is Performed; How to Prepare for the Test; Why the Test is Performed; Normal Values; What Abnormal Results Mean; etc..." For more information see Health Library or UCSF Childrens Hospital Laboratory & Medical Tests Adults - U.S. LAB TESTS ONLINE (U.S.) - American Association for Clinical Chemistry Lab Tests Online (U.S.) "...better understand the many clinical lab tests that are part of routine care as well as diagnosis and treatment of a broad range of conditions and diseases..." For more information see the American Association of Clinical Chemistry MEDICAL PROCEDURES AND TESTS - MedicineNet, Inc. Multimedia Medical Procedures and Tests (Text & Images). For more information see MedicineNet MEDICAL TESTS - Yale New Haven Health, Yale Unversity Multimedia Medical Tests Database (Text & Images). Depending on the Medical Test, Each Test Name includes: "...Test Overview; Why It Is Done; How It Is Done; Risks; Results; What Affects the Test; etc..." For more information see Yale New Haven Health or the Yale School of Medicine Laboratory & Medical Tests - U.K. LAB TESTS ONLINE (U.K.) - American Association for Clinical Chemistry Lab Tests Online UK "...has been designed to help you, the patient, to better understand the many clinical lab tests that are part of routine care as well as diagnosis and treatment of a broad range of conditions and diseases..." For more information see the American Association of Clinical Chemistry

Bio Laboratory Protocols

APOPTOSIS PROTOCOLS Apoptosis Protocols APOPTOSIS (PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH) PROTOCOLS - Apoptosis Project, Germany Multimedia Apoptosis Protocols, Apoptopedia Glossary, Introduction to Apoptosis, etc. (Text & Images). Apoptosis Protocols include: "...Protocols for Cell-free Systems; Apoptosis Assays; Cell Lysis Protocols; Cell Culture Protocols; Transfection Protocols..." For more information see the Apoptosis Project HISTOLOGY PROTOCOLS, METHODS & TECHNIQUES Histological Procedures, Staining Methods & Techniques WITH Formulas HISTOLOGICAL STAINING METHODS - OVER "60" STAINING METHODS WITH FORMULAS - Veterinary Pathololgy, Division of Veterinary Pathology, Infection & Immunity, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, U.K. Multimedia Histological Staining Techniques Teaching Modules (Text & Images). Includes over "60" Histological Staining Techniques with Formulas including: "...Alcian Blue/PAS for Acid and Neutral Mucopolysaccharides; Alizarin Red S for Calcium; Congo Red for Amyloid; Giemsa for Blood Cells and Parasites; Gram for Bacteria; Haematoxylin & Eosin (H&E); Lugol's Iodine; Masson's Trichrome Stain; Miller's Elastin Stain (E.V.G.); Rubeanic Acid for Copper; etc..." For more information see Veterinary Pathology Laboratory Protocols; Veterinary Pathology; Division of Veterinary Pathology, Infection & Immunity; Department of Clinical Veterinary Science or the School of Veterinary Science Also see Histological Fixatives & Removal of Fixation Pigments with Formulas Histological Fixatives include: "...Acetic Alcohol; Bouin's Fluid; Carnoy's Fluid; Formol Sublimate; Helly's Fluid; Neutral Buffered Formalin; Michel's Fixative for Immunoflourescence; Paraformaldehyde; Zenker's Fluid..." Removal of Fixation Pigments include: "...Formalin Pigment; Mercury Pigment; Dichromate Pigment..." HISTOLOGICAL STAINING METHODS - OVER "70" STAINING METHODS WITH FORMULAS - B.D. Llewellyn, StainsFile, British Columbia, Canada Multimedia Histological Staining Methods Teaching Modules (Text & Images). StainFile includes: "...Science of Staining; Staining Techniques; Dyes; Preparation; Histotechnology; etc..." Histological Staining Methods includes over "70" Staining Methods with Formulas including: "...Akita & Kaneko's Hemalum for Elastic Fibres; Anderson's Alum Hematoxylin; Bensley's Copper Hematoxylin; Chiffelle and Putt's Oil Red O for Lipids; Dawes' Trichrome for Fetal & Endocrine Tissue; Garvey's Alum Hematoxylin; Koneff's Trichrome for Pituitary Cells; Lee's Alum Hematoxylin; Lillie's Trichrome for Muscle and Collagen; etc..." For more information see StainsFile HISTOTECHNOLOGY TECHINCAL METHODS - OVER "70" STAINING METHODS WITH FORMULAS - Department of Pathology, University of Nottingham Medical School, U.K. Histotechnology Technical Methods includes over "70" Staining Methods with Formulas including: "...10% Formal Saline; Acid Phosphatase; Celestine Blue Solution; Elastic Picro Sirius Red; Grimelius; Masson Fontana; Phloxine Tartrazine; Shikata Technique; ect..." For more information see Protocols Home Page or the Department of Pathology HISTOLOGY PROCEDURE MANUALS - OVER "50" STAINING METHODS WITH FORMULAS - E.C. Klatt, College of Medicine, Florida State University and hosted by the Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library, University of Utah Health Sciences Center Multimedia Histology Procedure Manuals (Text & Images). Histology Procedure Manuals include over "70" Staining Methods with Formulas including: Fixative Solutions "...95% Alcoholic Bouin's Fixative; Bouin's Fixative; Hollande's Fixative; etc..." Stock Solutions "...Celloidin Slide Adhesive; H and E Acid Decolorizing Rinse; Paraffin Block Softening Solution; etc..." Staining Procedures "...Bielschowsky Stain (for Senile Plaques); Elastic - Weigert's Resorcin-Fuchsin Method; Giemsa (Modified May-Gruenwald) Stain (for Hematopoietic Tissues); Holzer's Glial Fiber Stain; Jones' Silver Stain; PTAH Stain; etc..." For more information see Anatomy-Histology Tutorials; WebPath: The Internet Pathology Laboratory for Medical Education; Educational Materials or the Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library HISTOLOGY SPECIAL STAINING PROTOCOLS - OVER "50" STAINING METHODS WITH FORMULAS - IHC World Multimedia Histology Special Staining Protocols (Text & Images). Histology Special Staining Protocols include over "50" Staining Methods with Formulas including: "...Alizarin Red Staining Protocol; Bielschowsky Staining Protocol; Diff-Quik Staining Protocol; Golgi-Cox Staining Protocol; Luna Staining Protocol; Masson Trichrome Staining Protocol; Nissl Staining Protocol; Pouchet Staining Protocol; Safranin O Staining Protocol; von Kossa Staining Protocol; etc..." For more information see IHC World Histological Staining Methods & Techniques WITHOUT Formulas HISTOLOGICAL STAINS - L. Slomianka, School of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia Multimedia Histological Stains Teaching Modules (Text & Images). For more information see Histology Atlas; Medical Biomorphology 140-Histology & Human Anatomy 235 - Histology Home Page or the School of Anatomy and Human Biology STAINING METHODS - OVER "20" STAINING METHODS - E.C. Klatt, College of Medicine, Florida State University and hosted by the Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library, University of Utah Health Sciences Center Multimedia Special Stains in Histology Teaching Modules (Text & Images). Special Stains in Histology includes over "20" Staining Methods including: For more information see Anatomy-Histology Tutorials; WebPath: The Internet Pathology Laboratory for Medical Education; Educational Materials or the Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library HISTOTECHNIQUES - E.C. Klatt, College of Medicine, Florida State University and hosted by the Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library, University of Utah Health Sciences Center Multimedia Tutorials (Text & Images). For more information see Anatomy-Histology Tutorials; WebPath: The Internet Pathology Laboratory for Medical Education; Educational Materials or the Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library

HPLC, HPLC COLUMNS, SPIN COLUMNS, ELECTROPHORESIS GELS Molecular Biology Protocols for HPLC Columns, Spin Columns, Electrophoresis Gels MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PROTOCOLS AND APPLICATIONS GUIDE: HPLC COLUMNS, SPIN COLUMNS, ELECTROPHORESIS GELS - The Nest Group, Inc. Multimedia Molecular Biology Protocols & Applications Guides (Text, Images & Simulations). Molecular Biology Protocols & Applications Guides Categories include: "...Training; HPLC Column Care; Small Molecule and Combi-Chem SPE Separations; Small Molecule and Combi-Chem HPLC Separations; Protein, Peptide, & Multi-Ring Cpd. HPLC and Capillary Column Applications; Proteomics Fractionation Applications; DNA & Oligonucleotide Applications; Electrophoresis Applications; Dialysis; Process Columns; etc..." For more information see The Nest Group HPLC Courses, Teaching Modules, Calculators & Simulators HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC) - Authors: Y. Kazakevich & H.M. McNair, and hosted by the Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts & Sciences, Seton Hall University Multimedia High Performance Liquid Chromatography Course (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations & Applets). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is "...one mode of chromatography, the most widely used analytical technique. Chromatographic processes can be defined as separation techniques involving mass-transfer between stationary and mobile phases..." High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Chapters include: "...Introdution to High Performance Liquid Chromatography; Instrumentation; Detectors; High Performance Liquid Chromatography Theory; Adsorbents; Column Selection; Reversed Phase; pH Effect; Normal Phase; GPC (SEC); etc..." For more information see Analytical Chemistry or the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry HPLC SIMULATOR I - Department of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, Maine VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. HPLC Simulation "...uses a purely equilibrium model for chromatography to simulate the separation of two compounds. Equilibrium Constants and Partition coefficients can be set up for all complexes..." HPLC Calculator input values include: Column "...Diameter; Length; Packing Fraction; Concentration of Stationary Phase Sites..." Eluant "...Concentration of M; Flow Rate; Run Time..." Injection "...Volume; Sample A, B & M..." Partition Coefficients; Equilibrium Constants; etc. For more information see NMR Spectroscopy (CH255J); Chemistry Courses or the Department of Chemistry

MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS Microbiology Protocols & Bacteriology Protocols FDA BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYTICAL MANUAL (BAM) - Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Multimedia Bacteriological Analytical Manual (Bacteriology Protocols) (Text & Images). FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual "...presents the agency's preferred laboratory procedures for microbiological analyses of foods and cosmetics..." FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual (Bacteriology Protocols) Categories include: "...General Guidelines & Procedures; Methods for Specific Pathogens "...Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli; Salmonella; Shigella; Clostridium perfringens; Yeasts, Molds and Mycotoxins; etc..." Methods for Microbial Toxins; Gene Probe Methods for Foodborne Pathogens; Additional Methods "...Examination of Canned Foods; Examination of Metal Containers for Integrity; Examination of Glass Containers for Integrity; Microbiological Methods for Cosmetics; etc..." For more information see the Microbiological Methods or the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY GUIDEBOOK - Office of Public Health and Science (OPHS), Food Safety & Inspection Service (FSIS), Department of Agriculture (USDA) Multimedia Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook (Microbiology Protocols) (Text & Images). Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook "...contains current protocols for analytical tests required by FSIS regulatory activities on meat, poultry and egg products. Specifically, microbiological methods are presented for sample preparation, isolation..." Examples from the Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook (Microbiology Protocols) include: "...Physical Examination Of Meat And Poultry Products; Isolation And Identification Of Salmonella From Meat, Poultry And Egg Products; FSIS Procedure for the Use of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and O157:NM (Nonmotile) Screening Tests; Tests For Enzymes In Meat And Meat Products; Identification Of Animal Species in Meat and Poultry Products; Detection And Identification Of Extraneous Material In Meat And Poultry Products; For more information see the Office of Public Health and Science (OPHS) or the Food Safety & Inspection Service (FSIS) THE COMPENDIUM OF ANALYTICAL METHODS - Evaluation Division, Bureau of Microbiological Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Protection Branch, Health Canada Multimedia Microbiological Analysis of Foods (Microbiology Protocols) (Text & Images). Microbiological Analysis of Foods provides "...a ready reference of methods and other related documents used by the Health Canada (HC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)..." Examples from the Microbiological Analysis (Microbiology Protocols) of Foods includes: "...BMH Guidelines on the Use of PCR Technology for the Detection of Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens; Microbiological Examination of Ice Cream and Ice Milk; Determination of Sediments in Milk Isolation and Identification of Salmonella from Foods; etc..." For more information see the The Compendium of Analytical Methods Home Page; Publications; Food Program or Health Canada MICROFLUIDICS Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip Technology MICROFLUIDICS LABCHIP - Caliper Life Sciences Multimedia Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip Teaching Modules (Text & Images). Microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip "...technology represents a revolution in laboratory experimentation, bringing the benefits of miniaturization, integration and automation to many research-based industries. Microfluidic chips are the key components of..." For more information see Caliper Technologies LAB-ON-A-CHIP - Agilent Technologies Multimedia Lab-on-a-Chip (Text & Images). Lab-on-a-Chip "...enables sample handling, mixing, dilution, electrophoresis and chromatographic separation, staining and detection on single integrated systems. The main advantages of Lab-on-a-Chip are ease-of-use, speed of analysis, low sample and reagent consumption and high reproducibility due to standardization and automation..." Lab-on-a-Chip includes: "...Bioanalyzers; HPLC-Chip/MS System; Analysis of small RNA molecules (including miRNA); DNA analysis by on-chip electrophoresis; On-chip flow cytometry; etc..." For more information see Chemical Analysis Products or Agilent Technologies

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PROTOCOLS Molecular Biology Protocols & Molecular Biology Protocol Calculators MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PROTOCOLS - Cold Spring Harbor (CSH) Multimedia Molecular Biology Protocols (Text & Images). Some examples of Molecular Biology Protocols Categories which include over "300" Molecular Biology Protocols include: "...General Molecular Biology Protocols; Analysis of Gene Expression Protocols; Arrays Protocols; cDNA Protocols; DNA Delivery/Gene Transfer Protocols; DNA Purification Protocols; DNA Sequencing Protocols; Electrophoresis Protocols; High-Capacity Vectors Protocols; Mutagenesis Protocols; Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Protocols; Plasmids Protocols; Protein: Protein Interactions Protocols; RNA Protocols; etc..." For more information see Cold Spring Harbor (CSH) MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PROTOCOLS - G.R. Lazo, Agriculture Research Service (ARS), Western Regional Research Center, USDA Multimedia Molecular Biology Protocols (Text & Images). Some examples from over "90" Molecular Biology Protocols include: "...Fungal DNA Isolation Protocol; Single-Fly DNA Preps for PCR Protocol; Restriction Enzyme Buffer Recipes Protocol; Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Protocol; Glassmilk DNA Purification Protocol; Precipitating DNA Protocol; Dephosphorylating DNA Protocol; PCR Protocol; Cloning Blunt-end PCR Fragments Protocol; Subloning of PCR Fragments Protocol; Differential cDNA Screening Procedures Protocol; Hybridization with Minimal Hybridization Buffer on Magnagraph Protocol; Fine Purification of Probe DNA Protocol; Exonuclease III Deletions for Sequencing Protocol; 20-mer Polymerase Chain Reaction Procedure (for MJ Research Thermal Cycler) Protocol; Arabidopsis Seed Collection Protocol; etc..." For more information see Gerard R. Lazo's Home Page or the Western Regional Research Center MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PROTOCOLS AND APPLICATIONS GUIDE: HPLC COLUMNS, SPIN COLUMNS, ELECTROPHORESIS GELS - The Nest Group, Inc. Multimedia Molecular Biology Protocols & Applications Guides (Text, Images & Simulations). Molecular Biology Protocols & Applications Guides Categories which inclues over "100" Molecular Biology Protocols include: "...Training; HPLC Column Care; Small Molecule and Combi-Chem SPE Separations Protocols; Small Molecule and Combi-Chem HPLC Separations Protocols; Protein, Peptide, & Multi-Ring Cpd. HPLC and Capillary Column Applications; Proteomics Fractionation Applications Protocols; DNA & Oligonucleotide Applications; Electrophoresis Applications; Dialysis Protocols; Process Columns Protocols; etc..." For more information see The Nest Group MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PROTOCOLS - CALCULATORS - A. Soldatov, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian ELectronic Academic & Research Network Association (RAS), Moscow, Russia & the Max-Planck-Institut fur Molekulare Genetik, Berlin, Germany VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Also available in German/Deutsch, Russian & Ukrainian. Molecular Biology Calculators Subject Categories include: "...Salt Solution Calculators; Laboratory Buffer Calculators; Single Component Solution Calculators; Compound Solution Calculators; Antibiotic Solution Calculators; etc..." For more information see Practical Molecular Biology Some examples from over "100" Molecular Biology Protocols Calculators Antibiotic Solution Calculators Antibiotic Solution Calculators include: "...Working Concentrations and Stock Solutions Calculator; Preparation of Stock Solutions for Ampicillin Calculator; Preparation of Stock Solutions for Carbenicillin Calculator; Preparation of Stock Solutions for Chloramphenicol Calculator; etc.." Single Component Solutions Calculators Single Component Solutions Calculators include: "...Organic Substances Calculators include: ATP Calculator; Betaine Calculator; EDTA Calculator; EtBr Calculator; Gelatin Calculator; HEPES Calculator; PEGV; Sucrose Calculator; etc... Acids and Alkalis Calculators; Detergents Calculator; Organic Solvents Calculators; etc..." Compound Solutions Calculators Compound Solutions Calculators include: "...Electrophoresis Buffer Calculator; Loading Buffer Calculator; Bacteriophage Lambda Buffer Calculator; Denaturation Buffer Calculator; Neutraliszation Buffer Calculator; Plasmid Solution Calculator; Oligonucleotide Gel Staining Mix Calculator; etc..." Spectrophotometric Measurement of Nucleic Acids Concentrations Calculator Spectrophotometric Measurement of Nucleic Acids Concentrations Calculator "...calculates the concentration of nucleic acids according to their optical density: DNA, RNA, Oligonucleotides,..." Estimation of Time for Bacteria Growth Calculator Estimation of Time for Bacteria Growth Calculator: "...This is important for the preparation of chemical- or electro-competent cells and protein expression. The program may be used also for other organisms in the logarithmic stage of growth..." PCR Optimization Calculator PCR Optimization Calculator "...helps to evaluate the quantity of primers and nucleotides for optimal PCR reaction and the necessary number of cycles..." Radioactivity to Biological Amount of dNTPs Calculator Radioactivity to Biological Amount of dNTPs Calculator calculates the "...weight of particular amount of radioactive dNTPs..."

Microscopy Laboratory Protocols & Techniques

MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES Optical Microscopy, Photomicrography & Digital Imaging with Text, Images, Animations & Simulations OPTICAL MICROSCOPY FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS (FLASH & JAVA APPLETS) - Olympus America, Inc. Multimedia Microscopy Courses & Teaching Modules (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations, Calculators & Applets). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Optical Microscopy is "...designed to provide an Internet-based educational forum on all aspects of optical microscopy, photomicrography, and digital imaging..." Examples of Microscopy Subject Categories include: Anatomy of the Microscope "...Simple Magnification; Numerical Aperture; Condenser Aperture Diaphragm; Condenser Light Cones; Alignment of the Lamp Filament; etc..." Light and Color "...Optical Diffraction; Electromagnetic Radiation; Jablonski Diagram; Brewster's Angle; Concave Mirrors; Convex Mirrors; Refraction of Light; etc..." Specialized Techniques "...Optical Gradients in Phase Objects; Optical Path Difference; Rheinberg Illumination; Cardioid Condensers; etc..." For more information see Olympus Corporation Some examples from over "150" Microscopy Calculators, Applets & Flash Teaching Modules include Physics of Light and Color Calculators & Applets Physics of Light and Color Calculators & Applets include: "...Electromagnetic Radiation; Sources of Visible Light; Fluorescence; Speed of Light; Reflection of Light; Refraction of Light; Diffraction of Light; etc..." Photomicrography Calculators & Applets Photomicrography Calculators & Applets include: Exposure and Color Balance; Didymium Filters; Filter Classes; Photomask Reticle Operation; Exposure Metering; etc..." Fluorescence Microscopy Fluorescence Microscopy Calculators & Applets include: "...Practical Aspects of Fluorescence Filter Combinations; Optimization and Troubleshooting; Electronic Imaging Detectors; Multiphoton Excitation Microscopy; Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy; etc..." Confocal Microscopy Calculators & Applets Confocal Microscopy Calculators & Applets include: "...Spectral Bleed-Through Artifacts in Confocal Microscopy; Choosing Fluorophore Combinations for Confocal Microscopy; etc..." Virtual Microscopy Calculators & Applets Virtual Microscopy Calculators & Applets include: "...Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy; Phase Contrast Microscopy; Reflected Light Confocal Microscopy; etc..." MICROSCOPYU (FLASH & JAVA APPLETS) - Nikon MicroscopyU, Nikon Multimedia Microscopy Courses & Teaching Modules (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations, Calculators & Applets). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. MicrosopyU is "...designed to provide an educational forum for all aspects of optical microscopy, digital imaging, and photomicrography..." Microscopy Subject Categories include: Basic Concepts and Formulas in Microscopy "...Conjugate Planes in Optical Microscopy; Depth of Field and Depth of Focus; Refractive Index; Numerical Aperture; Working Distance and Parfocal Length; etc..." Microscope Optical Systems "...Infinity Optical Systems; Properties of Microscope Objectives; etc..." Principles of Phase Contrast Microscopy "...Specimen Contrast in Optical Microscopy; Optical Pathways in the Phase Contrast Microscope; Interaction of Light Waves with Phase Specimens; etc..." Differential Interference Contrast "...Reflected Light DIC Microscopy; Bias Retardation Effects on Specimen Contrast; DIC Microscope Component Alignment; etc..." Concepts in Fluorescence Microscopy "...Introduction to Fluorescent Proteins; Fundamentals and Applications in Multiphoton Microscopy; Fluorescence Filter Noise Terminator; etc..." Introduction to Live-Cell Imaging Techniques "...Maintaining Live Cells on the Microscope Stage; Cell Motility; Optical System and Detector Requirements for Live-Cell Imaging; etc..." Fundamentals of Stereomicroscopy; Introduction to Confocal Microscopy; etc..." For more information see Nikon USA Some examples from over "150" Microscopy Calculators, Applets & Flash Teaching Modules include Microscope Optical Systems Calculators & Applets Microscope Optical Systems Calculators & Applets include: "...Tube Lens Focal Length; Immersion Oil and Refractive Index; Numerical Aperture Light Cones; Geometrical Construction of Ray Diagrams; Perfect Lens Characteristics; etc..." Phase Contrast Microscopy Calculators & Applets Phase Contrast Microscopy Calculators & Applets include: "...Phase Contrast Microscope Alignment; Optical Pathways in the Phase Contrast Microscope; Phase Plate Configuration Effects on Specimen Contrast; Specimen Optical Path Length Variations; etc..." Differential Interference Contrast Calculators & Applets Differential Interference Contrast Calculators & Applets include: "...Bias Retardation Effects on Specimen Contrast; DIC Microscope Component Alignment; Comparison of Phase Contrast and DIC Microscopy; Wavefront Relationships in Reflected Light DIC Microscopy; etc..." Fluorescence Microscopy Calculators & Applets Fluorescence Microscopy Calculators & Applets include: "...Focus and Alignment of Mercury and Xenon Arc Lamps; Matching Fluorescent Probes with Fluorescence Filter Blocks; Choosing Fluorescent Proteins for Dual Labeling Experiments; Balancing Arc-Discharge Lamp Excitation Illumination; Stereomicroscopy Fluorescence; etc..." Fundamentals of Stereomicroscopy Calculators & Applets Fundamentals of Stereomicroscopy Calculators & Applets include: "...Oblique Coherent Contrast Illumination; Toroidal Mirrors; SMZ-1500 Stereoscopic Microscope; SMZ-1500 Oblique Coherent Contrast Illumination; etc..." MICROSCOPY (FLASH & JAVA APPLETS) - M.W. Davidson, Florida State University Multimedia Microscopy Courses & Teaching Modules (Text, Images, Animations, Simulations, Calculators & Applets). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Virtual Microscopy explores "...specimen focus, illumination intensity, magnification, and translation---operating essentially in a manner that is identical to real-life microscopes..." For more information see Molecular Expressions: Exploring the World of Optics & Microscopy Some examples from over "100" Microscopy Calculators, Applets & Flash Teaching Modules include Basic Concepts in Optical Microscopy Calculators & Applets Basic Concepts in Optical Microscopy Calculators & Applets include: "...The Concept of Magnification; Introduction to Lenses and Geometrical Optics; Microscope Optical Components; Microscope Illumination; Image Brightness; etc..." Digital Imaging in Optical Microscopy Calculators & Applets Digital Imaging in Optical Microscopy Calculators & Applets include: Concepts in Digital Imaging Technology; Basic Properties of Digital Images; Introduction to Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs); Introduction to CMOS Image Sensors; etc..." Specialized Microscopy Techniques Calculators & Applets Specialized Microscopy Techniques Calculators & Applets include: "...Darkfield Microscopy; Differential Interference Contrast; Oblique or Anaxial Illumination; Phase Contrast; Deconvolution in Optical Microscopy; Live-Cell Imaging; Confocal Microscopy; etc..." Virtual Microscopy VSCOPE - THE VIRTUAL MICROSCOPE - L. Slomianka, School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia Multimedia Virtual Microscope Teaching Modules (Text & Images). The Virtual Microscope "...contains brief descriptions and simulations of the major functions of a good teaching-quality light microscope..." The Virtual Microscope includes: "...Magnification & Stage Simulations; Focus & Stage Simulations; Iris Diaphragm & Light Simulations; Stereology Simulations..." For more information see Blue Histology or the School of Anatomy and Human Biology

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY Transmission Electron Microscopy Undergraduate Course with Text, Images & Videos/Movies TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM) - Materials Teaching Educational Resources (MATTER) Project, Material Science & Engineering, Department of Engineering, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. Multimedia Transmission Electron Microscopy Course (Text, Images, Java Applets & Videos/Movies). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Transmission Electron Microscopy "...is a set of resources designed to accompany an introductory course on transmission electron microscopy. The level is appropriate for students with an understanding of some elementary physics..." Examples of Transmission Electron Microscopy Teaching Modules include: "...Electron Scattering; Electron Atom Interactions; X-ray and Auger; Gun Simulation; Diffraction at an Aperture; Electromagnetic Lenses; Thin Lens Optics; Condensing Optics; Double Condenser Lens; Beam Convergence; Objective Aperture; Projector Lens; Condenser Astigmatism; Astigmatism; Kikuchi Lines; etc..." For more information see the MATTER Project Some examples from over "25" Transmission Electron Microscopy Applets with Teaching Modules include X-ray and Auger Electron Emission Applet Simulation of the Thermionic Electron Gun Applet Thin Lens Optics Applet Scanning/Tilting Alignment Applet Transmission Electron Microscopy Graduate Laboratory Course with Text & Images PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY - Samuel Roberts Noble Microscopy Laboratory, University of Oklahoma Multimedia Transmission Electron Microscopy Course & Teaching Modules (Text, Images & Calculators). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Transmission Electron Microscopy Subject Categories include: "...Preparation Techniques; Sectioning; Fixative Formulary; Buffer Formulary; Stain Formulary; Protocols: Chemical Fixation; Physical Fixation; etc.; Introduction to the Transmission Electron Microscope; Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Analysis; Histochemistry and Cytochemistry; Stereological Analysis; etc..." For more information see the Samuel Roberts Noble Microscopy Laboratory Some examples of Transmission Electron Microscopy Teaching Modules include Vacuum Systems Examples of Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis Subjects include "...Rotary pump; Oil diffusion pump; Turbo-molecular; etc..." Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis Examples of Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis Subjects include "...Electron interactions; Characteristic x-rays; X-ray detection; Energy-dispersive x-ray detectors; Energy-dispersive x-ray electronics; etc..." Some examples of Transmission Electron Microscopy Calculators include Accelerating Voltage Physics Calculator (Effects of Accelerating Voltage) Accelerating Voltage Physics Calculator input values include: "...Accelerating Voltage..." Accelerating Voltage Physics Calculator output values include: "...Newtonian, Einsteinian & Difference for: Velocity of Electrons; Mass of Electrons; Energy of Electrons; Momentum of Electrons; Wavelength (deBroglie Equation) of Electrons; and Resolution (Abbe's Equation).." Stereology Error Calculator Stereology Error Calculator input values include: "...Calculate Points Needed with known Standard Error and VV; Calculate Standart Error with known PT & VV..." Calculate Fixatives and Buffers for Three Fixatives Three Fixatives Calculator input values include: "...Fixative #1, #2 & #3 enter: Concentration of fixative stock; Concentration of buffer stock; Fixative required; Amount of solution needed..." TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGICAL ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM) - R.C. Wagner, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Delaware Multimedia Transmission Electron Microscopy Course & Teaching Modules (Text, Images & Simulations). VERY VERY VERY...EXTENSIVE. Techniques in Biological Electron Microscopy (B617) "...is a graduate level laboratory course...Students obtain hands-on experience in preparation of tissue samples for Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy, recording of images by microscopy and..." Examples of Transmission Electron Microscopy Lectures include: "...Preparation of Tissues for Transmission Electron Microscopy; Ultrastructural Cytochemistry; Freeze-Fracture and Etching; Ultramicrotomy and Staining of Thin Sections; Tracers and Labels for Transmission EM; Morphometric Techniques; Transmission Electron Microscopy; Negative Staining and Shadow Casting; Three-Dimensional Reconstruction; Preparation of Tissues for Scanning Electron Microscopy; Corrosion Casting High Resolution Radioautography; Cryofixation; Analytical Electron Microscopy; etc..." For more information see Roger C. Wagner's Home Page; Roger Wagner's Computer Art in the Biological World or the Department of Biological Sciences Examples from over "18" Transmission Electron Microscopy Lectures include Preparation of Tissue Samples for TEM Stereomicroscopy Freeze Fracture and Etching

TEM, CRYOSECTIONING, IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY TEM, Cryosectioning, Immunocytochemistry Lectures & Teaching Modules with Text & Images ADVANCED ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND IMAGING: LIGHT MICROSCOPY; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (TEM); CRYOSECTIONING; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY ETC. - Ahmanson Center for Advanced Electron Microscopy and Imaging, House Ear Institute, Los Angeles, CA Multimedia Advanced Electron Microscopy Lectures (Text, Images & Simulations). VERY VERY EXTENSIVE. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) "...The TEM is an evacuated metal cylinder (the column) about 2 meters high with the source of illumination, a tungsten filament (the cathode), at the top. If the filament is heated and a high voltage (the accelerating voltage) of between 40,000 to 100,000 volts is passed between it and the anode, the filament will emit electrons. These negatively charged electrons are accelerated to..." Advanced Electron Microscopy Chapters include: Introduction "...Light Microscope; Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM); EM Visualization Techniques..." Methods Negative Staining for Transmission Electron Microscopy; Embedding in Epoxy Resins..." Immunocytochemistry Antibody Labeling; Embedding in Resins for Immunocytochemistry; Freeze substitution; Cryosectioning; Preparation of Colloidal Gold Probes; etc..." Protocols for Light Microscopy Specimen Preparation "...Immunolabeling for Light Microscopy; Mounting Medium for Immunofluorescence Microscopy; etc..." For more information see Ahmanson Center for Advanced Electron Microscopy and Imaging; Research Departments or the House Ear Institute Some examples from over "15" Advanced Electron Microscopy Teaching Modules include Negative Staining for Transmission Electron Microscopy Introduction to Immunocytochemistry Immunocytochemistry

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